El Mansouri M Ahmed¹ Iman M Hamad², Elniema A Mustafa³ and Adil MA Salman⁴*

¹Lecturer- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bahri, Sudan
²Associate Professor of Medical Physiology, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine-University of Bahri, Sudan
³Professor of Animal Production Sciences, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bahri, Sudan
⁴Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bahri, Sudan

*Corresponding Author: Adil Salman E, Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bahri, Sudan.

Received: February 25, 2025; Published: March 07, 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this research study was to evaluate the effects of some biosecurity measures on milk contamination in Khartoum and Gezira States. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 99 dairy farms in the study area. By using specific biosecurity scoring system a pre-structured questionnaire was designed to obtain data such as farm location, general hygiene, absence of insects and pests, bedding hygiene, sources of fodder and water, manure disposal methods, antibiotic usage etc. Accordingly, farms were scored as “Good: >70%”; “Fair: 40-70%” and “Poor: <40 %”. Two hundred and twenty-seven of milk and 144 of water samples were collected to evaluate the bacterial load as a means of confirming the effectiveness of biosecurity protocols. The results indicate that from the total of 99 farms surveyed, 13.1% scored "Good," 55.6% "Fair," and 30.3% "Poor." Mixed-species farming was common, with most farms housing animals in separate enclosures by species and age to minimize disease transmission. Disease prevalence, including mastitis and diarrhea, was linked to suboptimal biosecurity measures and antibiotic misuse. Most (97.00%) of the investigated dairy farms sold milk from cows treated with antibiotics for human consumption indicating extensive use of antibiotics. River water and wells were common in rural and peri-urban farms, but they are frequently contaminated, as shown by high E. coli positivity rates in Bahri and Omdurman. The study found high Coliform count and Total Phosphorus (TPC) in water and milk samples from "Fair" and "Poor" farms, indicating contamination due to neglect of water cleanliness, poor conditions, and hygiene. The average coliform count in milk samples was 187.21 ± 14.19, indicating potential contamination in some areas. Despite no significant differences in coliform counts, contamination underscores the need for improved hygiene and quality control measures. It could be concluded that milk hygiene was significantly impacted by dairy farms' inability to maintain appropriate biosecurity controls.

Keywords: Dairy Farms; Biosecurity; Antibiotic Misuse; Manure Management; TPC; Coliform Count

References

1. Adil MA Salman and Iman M Hamad. “Enumeration and identification of Coliform bacteria from raw milk in Khartoum State, Sudan”. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology7 (2014): 121-128.
2. Abdalla MOM and Elhagaz FMM. “The impact of applying some hygienic practices on raw milk quality in Khartoum State Sudan”. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 2 (2011): 169-173.
3. Brown K and Smith J. “The impacts of overcrowding on livestock health and behavior”. Journal of Animal Welfare Research3 (2015): 45-60.
4. Adil MA Salman and Hind A Elnasri. “Somatic cell count, total bacterial count and acidity properties of milk in Khartoum State, Sudan”. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology10 (2011): 223-230.
5. Njagi LW., et al. “Management practices and their influence on the occurrence of infectious diseases in indigenous chickens in Kenya”. Tropical Animal Health and Production2 (2017): 337-342.
6. Jones A., et al. “Fodder quality and its impact on livestock productivity: A global perspective”. Agricultural Systems 176 (2020): 102739.
7. Adil M Salman., et al. “Detection of antibiotic residues in milk using delvotest kit and the disc assay methods in Khartoum state, SUDAN”. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production 2 (2012): 3‐15.
8. Yousif S and El Zubeir I. “Risk Factors Associated with Production and Reproduction in Dairy Camps (Kuku and Saig) at Khartoum State, Sudan”.Farm Animal Health and Nutrition1 (2024): 1-13.
9. Harrigan WF and ME MacCance. “Laboratory Methods in Food and Dairy Microbiology. 1^st , Academic Press, London (1976).
10. ISO/CD. “Milk and milk products: Enumeration of Coliform Part 2 - MPN technique. International Organization for Standardization (1997).
11. Andrews W. “Manuals of food Quality Control 4-microbiological analysis, FAO, Food and Drug Administration Washington D.C. (U.S.A.) (1997).
12. Ahmed AM., et al. “Water quality and its implications for livestock health in peri-urban areas of Khartoum, Sudan”. Sudan Journal of Veterinary Research2 (2019): 45-52.
13. , et al. “Gendered Social Networks, Agricultural Innovations, and Farm Productivity in Ethiopia”. World Development 105 (2018): 321-335.
14. Mwakalapa EB., et al. “Risk factors for zoonotic diseases in livestock farming systems in rural Tanzania”. One Health Outlook1 (2021): 5.
15. Fuquay JW., et al. “Encyclopedia of dairy sciences”. Academic Press, UK (2011).
16. Kagkli DM., et al. “Contamination of milk by enterococci and coliforms from bovine faeces”. Journal of Applied Microbiology 103 (2007): 1393-1405.
17. Ibrabim A El Emam and Isam M El Jalii. “Bacterial Contamination of Drinking Water in Selected Dairy Farms in Sudan”. Scientific Journal of King Faisal University (Basic and Applied Sciences)1431 (2010): 153.
18. Mohammed SE., et al. “Assessment of hygiene practices and their impact on livestock health in Khartoum State, Sudan”. Sudan Journal of Animal Production1 (2020): 15–24.
19. Almofti, Yassir A., et al. “Imprudent usage of antibiotics in dairy farms and antibiotics detection in milk”. Annals of Biological Research5 (2016): 36-42.
20. Mohammadin Majda IA., et al. “Risk Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacillus Cereus Isolated from Bovine Raw Milk and Fecal Matter from Dairy Farms in Khartoum Bahri Locality, Sudan”. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 1 (2023): 40-49.
21. Elnour ZA., et al. “Effect of Using Different Levels of Sweet Potato Tubers as a Source of Energy on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chicken”. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research4 (2020): 30-43.
22. Akinbile CO., et al. “Impact of poor water quality on livestock health and productivity in Nigeria: A review”. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science3 (2019): 112–123.
23. Barros LS., et al. “Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and Candida species in crude milk”. Journal Microbiology and Antimicrobials 3 (2011): 206.
24. Zwald AP., et al. “Management Practices and reported antimicrobial usage on conventional and organic dairy herds”. Journal of Dairy Science 87 (2004): 191.
25. Hind E. “Detection of antibiotic residues in milk using Delvo test and the disc assay in Khartoum state, Sudan”. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production 2 (2012): 3‐15.
26. Eltayb A., et al. “Antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming: a quantitative and qualitative study on knowledge and practices among farmers in Khartoum, Sudan”. Zoonoses Public Health5 (2012): 330-338.
27. Silva EA. “Manual of hygienic control in food service systems (Sixth edition)”. Sao Paulo: Varela 623 (2007).

Citation

Citation: Ann Kristine Jansen., et al. “A High Copper/Zinc Ratio is Associated with Phase Angle in Older Adults with Healthy Aging".Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 9.4 (2025): 18-26.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2025 Ann Kristine Jansen., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.