Effects of Some Biosecurity Measures on Milk Contamination in Khartoum
and Gezira States, Sudan
El Mansouri M Ahmed1 Iman M Hamad2, Elniema A Mustafa3 and Adil MA Salman4*
1Lecturer- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bahri, Sudan
2Associate Professor of Medical Physiology, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine-University of Bahri, Sudan
3Professor of Animal Production Sciences, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bahri, Sudan
4Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bahri, Sudan
*Corresponding Author: Adil Salman E, Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bahri, Sudan.
Received:
February 25, 2025; Published: March 07, 2025
Abstract
The purpose of this research study was to evaluate the effects of some biosecurity measures on milk contamination in Khartoum and Gezira States. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 99 dairy farms in the study area. By using specific biosecurity scoring system a pre-structured questionnaire was designed to obtain data such as farm location, general hygiene, absence of insects and pests, bedding hygiene, sources of fodder and water, manure disposal methods, antibiotic usage etc. Accordingly, farms were scored as “Good: >70%”; “Fair: 40-70%” and “Poor: <40 %”. Two hundred and twenty-seven of milk and 144 of water samples were collected to evaluate the bacterial load as a means of confirming the effectiveness of biosecurity protocols. The results indicate that from the total of 99 farms surveyed, 13.1% scored "Good," 55.6% "Fair," and 30.3% "Poor." Mixed-species farming was common, with most farms housing animals in separate enclosures by species and age to minimize disease transmission. Disease prevalence, including mastitis and diarrhea, was linked to suboptimal biosecurity measures and antibiotic misuse. Most (97.00%) of the investigated dairy farms sold milk from cows treated with antibiotics for human consumption indicating extensive use of antibiotics. River water and wells were common in rural and peri-urban farms, but they are frequently contaminated, as shown by high E. coli positivity rates in Bahri and Omdurman. The study found high Coliform count and Total Phosphorus (TPC) in water and milk samples from "Fair" and "Poor" farms, indicating contamination due to neglect of water cleanliness, poor conditions, and hygiene. The average coliform count in milk samples was 187.21 ± 14.19, indicating potential contamination in some areas. Despite no significant differences in coliform counts, contamination underscores the need for improved hygiene and quality control measures. It could be concluded that milk hygiene was significantly impacted by dairy farms' inability to maintain appropriate biosecurity controls.
Keywords: Dairy Farms; Biosecurity; Antibiotic Misuse; Manure Management; TPC; Coliform Count
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