Sarcopenia Dietary Treatment and Adapted Exercise
Alessio Calabrò1* and Claudia Paone2
1University of Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Degree Course in Motor and Sports Sciences, Italy
2Dietitian Freelance
*Corresponding Author: Alessio Calabrò, University of Magna Graecia of
Catanzaro, Degree Course in Motor and Sports Sciences, Italy.
Received:
February 10, 2023; Published: February 22, 2023
Abstract
Aging can be defined as the regression of the physiological functions of the human body, which manifests itself with advancing age.
One of the consequences that can cause numerous negative implications during this process is called Sarcopenia.
This phenomenon affects about 20% of the population aged between 65 and 70 years up to 50% in the elderly over 80 years.
The depletion of lean mass already begins after the age of 30 in men and, after the age of 50 in women.
After the seventh decade of age, this loss of functional mass tends to increase exponentially in humans (15% every 10 years).
The progressive decrease in lean body mass can lead, if not adequately contrasted, to a series of consequential disorders which
generate the establishment of a state of increased vulnerability of the elderly to stressful events, which is defined as "frailty".
The causes of the onset of the sarcopenic process are multifactorial. Basically, we know that this complex pathogenic framework
includes the progressive increase in physical inactivity, the increase in intramuscular, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, the
alteration of muscle protein metabolism (proteolysis), the reduced capacity for muscle protein synthesis, as well as a state of chronic
inflammation. In addition to the loss of strength and decreased muscle function that causes postural instability, with consequent risk
of falls and reduction of bone trophism, sarcopenia triggers a much wider spectrum of homeostatic alterations that can modify the
profile metabolic rate of the elderly subject; the reduction of lean mass considerably reduces the basal metabolic rate, the increase
in visceral fat establishes a persistent insulin sensitivity, which in turn is mainly responsible for the development or worsening of
conditions such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and liver disorders.
Furthermore, the aforementioned pathologies are factors that in turn trigger chronic inflammation, if added to the high levels of
circulating insulin, the risk of cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's and vascular dementia increase in elderly subjects.
Sarcopenia is a problem that must be faced with the right countermeasures as it turns out to be, if not adequately treated, a factor
that causes a series of reactions that tend to establish in the elderly the loss of autonomy from a psycho-physical point of view .
Through adequate nutritional support that is able to ensure the right energy intake and a balanced intake of proteins, associated
with adequate exercise, it will be possible to guarantee a positive maintenance of the efficiency of cognitive and physical functions,
essential prerequisites for it to be ensured for the elderly maximum autonomy for an excellent life expectancy.
Keywords: Sarcopenia, Lean Body Mass, Aging
References
- Cruz-Jentoft AJ., et al. “Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis.” Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People”. Age Ageing 39 (2010): 412-423.
- Muscaritoli M., et al. “Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: Joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”. Clinical Nutrition 29 (2010): 154-159.
- Grimby G and Saltin B. “The ageing muscle”. Clinical Physiology 3 (1989): 209-218.
- Clegg A., et al. “Frailty in elderly people”. Lancet 381 (2013): 752-762.
- Baylis D., et al. “Understanding how we age: insights into inflammaging”. Longevity and Healthspan 2 (2013): 8.
- Combaret L., et al. “Skeletal muscle proteolysis in aging”. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 1 (2009): 37-41.
- Berger MJ and Doherty TJ. “Sarcopenia: prevalence, mechanisms, and functional consequences”. Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology 37 (2010): 94-114.
- Derbré F., et al. “Inactivity-induced oxidative stress: A central role in age-related sarcopenia?” European Journal of Sport Science 14 (2014): S98-S108.
- English KL and Paddon-Jones D. “Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest”. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 13 (2010): 34-39.
- Vendemiale G. “Metabolic syndrome and frailty”. Gerontology 55 (2007): 48-53.
- Villareal DT., et al. “Obesity in older adults”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82 (2005): 923-934.
- Hamada K., et al. “Senescence of human skeletal muscle impairs the local infiammatory cytokine response to acute eccentric exercise”. FASEB Journal 19 (2005): 264-266.
- Stenholm S., et al. “Anabolic and catabolic biomarkers as predictors of muscle strength decline: the in CHIANTI study”. Rejuvenation Research 13 (2010): 3-11.
- Robinson S., et al. “Nutrition and sarcopenia: a rewiew of the evidence and implications for preventive strategies”. Journal of Aging Research (2012): 6.
- Sayer AA., et al. “The developmental origins of sarcopenia”. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 12 (2008): 427-432.
- Scott D., et al. “Associations between dietary nutrient intake and muscle mass and strength in communitydwelling older adults: the Tasmanian Older Adult Cohort Study”. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 58 (2010): 2129-2134.
- Houston DK., et al. “Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87 (2008): 150-155.
- Mosoni L., et al. “Age-related changes in protein synthesis measured in vivo in rat liver and gastrocnemius muscle”. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 68 (1993): 209-220.
- Angela Shin-Yu Lien., et al. “Diabetes related fatigue sarcopenia, frailty”. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 1 (2018).
- Rosito GA., et al. “Pericardial Fat, Visceral Abdominal Fat, Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, and Vascular Calcification in a Community-Based Sample”. The Framingham Heart Study 117 (2008): 605-613.
- Solfrizzi V., et al. “Metabolic syndrome and the risk of vascular dementia: the Italian Longitudinal Study on Ageing”. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 81 (2010): 433-440.
- Cholerton B., et al. “Insulin, cognition, and dementia”. European Journal of Pharmacology 05 (2013): 170-179.
- Kim B and Feldman EL. “Insulin resistance as a key link for the increased risk of cognitive impairment in the metabolic syndrome”. Experimental and Molecular Medicine 47 (2015): e149.
- Roth E. “Immune and cell modulation by amino acids”. Clinical Nutrition 26 (2007): 535-544
- Baum JI., et al. “Protein Consumption and the Elderly: What Is the Optimal Level of Intake?” Nutrients 8 (2016): 359.
- Penning B., et al. “Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more accretion more effectively then do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2011): 93997.
- Cruz-Jentoft AJ., et al. “Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS)”. Age and Ageing 43 (2014): 748-759.
- Flakoll P., et al. “Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine supplementation on strength, functionality, body composition, and protein metabolism in elderly women”. Nutrition 20 (2004): 445-451.
- Walrand S. “Ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate: could it be a new therapeutic option for sarcopenia?” The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 7 (2010): 570-577.
- Cobo A., et al. “Impact of frailty in older patients with diabetes mellitus: an overview”. Endocrinología y Nutrición 63 (2016): 291-303.
- Zaleski AL., et al. “Coming of Age: Considerations in the Prescription of Exercise for Older Adults”. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal 2 (2016): 98-104.
- Bowen TS., et al. “Skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia and sarcopenia: molecular pathophysiology and impact of exercise training”. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 6 (2015): 197-207.
- Yu J. “The etiology and exercise implication of sarcopenia in the elderly”. International Journal of Nursing Sciences 2 (2015): 199-203.
- Lanza IR and Nair KS. “Muscle mitochondrial changes with aging and exercise”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1 (2008): 467S-471S.
- Skinner JW., et al. “Muscular responses to testosterone replacement vary by administration route: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 3 (2018): 465-481.
- Basualto-Alarcón C., et al. “Sarcopenia and Androgens: A Link between Pathology and Treatment”. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne) 5 (2014): 217.
Citation
Copyright
+91 9182824667
Open Access by
Acta Scientific is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
