Shaw Watanabe¹*, Kohta Kikuchi², Shoichi Mizuno¹ and Tomomitsu Mizuno³

¹Medical Rice Association, Tokyo, Japan
²Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
³Genmai-Koso Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

*Corresponding Author: Shaw Watanabe, Medical Rice Association, Tokyo, Japan.

Received: October 19, 2021; Published: November 12, 2021

Abstract

Relationship between brown rice eating and health has been well recognized, but it is an empirical basis without solid scientific shreds of evidence. Fermented brown rice and bran with Aspergillus oryzae (FBRA) were developed almost 50 years ago to supplement white rice eating. We found spontaneous cancer remission among the FBRA users, so we resurvey the GENKI study cohort (Genmai Epidemiology, Nutrition, and Kenko Innovation; n = 1200) and found 180 FBRA users.

We compared the effect of FBRA on bowel movement by brown rice and white rice eaters. One hundred eleven volunteers among the GENKI study provided their feces for intestinal microbiota analysis, so it became possible whether or not white rice eaters with FBRA intake showed a similar profile to brown rice eaters. FBRA users showed good bowel condition as well as brown rice eaters. Brown rice eaters with FIBRA enhanced the profile proportion of Blautia wexlerae (2.0 to 3.1%), Ruminococcus bromii (1.1 to 2.1%), and Bacteroides uniformis (0.9 to 3.3%). The principal component analysis showed a different pattern in the genmai and FBRA group.

Long FBRA users by a separate questionnaire survey showed a low cancer incidence (p = 0.05), diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension (p < 0.0001). Dietary fiber, g-oryzanol, high vitamin and minerals, antioxidant activity, and various metabolites may contribute to multiple effects on health and disease prevention. The present paper provides information on new foodstuffs for cancer prevention.

Keywords:Braun Rice; Fermentation; Rice Bran; Aspergillus orizae; Cancer Prevention; FBRA; Microbiota; Bowel Movement

References

1. WHO (2021).
2. Tominaga S., et al. “Gann Monograph on Cancer Research”. Cancer Treatment and Survival-Site specific registries in Japan. Japanese Cancer Association (1996).
3. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans - International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks (2021).
4. Doll R and Peto R. “The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States Today”. Journal of the National Cancer Institute6 (1981): 1192
5. Wattenberg L W. “Chemoprevention of cancer”. Cancer Research1(1985): 1-8.
6. World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF) | UICC (2021).
7. Theisen C. “Chemoprevention: What’s in a Name?”. Journal of the National Cancer Institute10 (2001): 743.
8. 5 a-day movement: 5 A DAY Association (2021).
9. Watanabe S., et al. “Multiple primary cancers in 5,456 autopsy cases In the National Cancer Center of Japan”. Journal of the National Cancer Institute5 (1984): 1021-1027.
10. Watanabe S. “Spontaneous remission of cancer”. Clinical and Functional Nutriology4 (2014): 196-198.
11. Tanaka K., et al. “Analysis of Water-soluble Constituents in Fermented Brown Rice and Rice Bran by Aspergillus oryzae (FBRA)”. Journal of Computer Aided Chemistry 18 (2017): 46-50.
12. Tanaka K. “Traditional herbal medicine (Kanpo) and everyday plants; Roots in Japanese soil and culture (1) Rice plants; Oryza sativa L”. Clinical and Functional Nutriology3 (2013): 148-150.
13. Watanabe S., et al. “A new whole grain functional food for health and diseases”. RB Singh., et al. (Editions) Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Metabolic and Non-communicable Diseases. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co. Ltd, London (2021).
14. Watanabe S. “Ishizuka Sagen Married couple of alkali theory by Sagen Ishizuka”. Clinical Nutrition and Functional 2 (2011): 98-100.
15. Kenzo Futaki - Wikipedia (2021).
16. Watanabe S., et al. “Effects of brown rice on obesity”. GENKI Study I (Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study)”. Journal of Obesity and Chronic Diseases 1 (2018): 12-19.
17. Takahashi M., et al. “Dietary and life habits of obesity and brown rice eaters among Genmai Evidence for Nutritional Kenko Innovation (GENKI) Study I and II". Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 8 (2020): 21-32.
18. Watanabe S., et al. “Study Design and Organization of the JPHC Study”. Journal of Epidemiology 11 (2001): S3-S7.
19. Hirakawa A., et al. “The Nested Study on the Intestinal Microbiota in Genki Study with Special Reference to the Effect of Brown Rice Eating”. Journal of Obesity and Chronic Diseases1 (2019): 1-13.
20. Takahashi S., et al. “Development of a prokaryotic universal primer for simultaneous analysis of Bacteria and Archaea using next-generation sequencing”. PLoS ONE8 (2014): e105592.
21. Japan Food Research Laboratory (2021).
22. Watanabe S., et al. “Medical rice: a new wax-free brown rice and its protein reduced rice”. Advances in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences - Open Journal 1(2018):10-16.
23. Watanabe S., et al. “What should we eat for healthy longevity? Necessity of tailor-made nutrition”. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 3(2020): 122-126.
24. Nippon Sogo-Igakukai (2021).
25. Japan Macrobiotics Association (2021).
26. Seishoku Association (2021).
27. ARSOA KEIO Group (2021).
28. SPSS: SPSS Ver 24. IBM-SPSS transaction, Tokyo (2020).
29. Cancer Statistics in Japan (2021).
30. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2021).
31. Kataoka K., et al. “Modifying effects of fermented brown rice on fecal microbiota in rats”. Food Microbiology 5-6 (2007): 220-227.
32. Ogawa S., et al. “Isotope-coded derivatization-based LC/ESI-MS/MS methods using a pair of novel reagents for quantification of hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids in fermented brown rice product”. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 5 (2017): 162-170.
33. Masuzaki H., et al. “Brown rice-specific g-oryzanol as a promising prophylactic avenue to protect against diabetes mellitus and obesity in humans”. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 1 (2019): 18-25.
34. Havenaar R. “Intestinal health function of colonic microbial metabolites; a review”. Beneficial Microbes 2 (2011): 33.
35. Masuzaki H., et al. “Brown rice-specific γ-oryzanol as a promising prophylactic avenue to protect against diabetes mellitus and obesity in humans”. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 1 (2019): 18-25.
36. Kikuchi K., et al. “Changes in microbiota and short-chain fatty acids following 3-month pilot intervention study feeding brown rice ball (Omusubi) to healthy people”. La Prensa Medica Argentina 107 (2020): 1-11.
37. Brestoff JR and Artis D. “Commensal bacteria at the interface of host metabolism and the immune system”. Nature Immunology 14 (2013): 676-684.
38. Gentile CL and Weir TL. “The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health”. Science 362 (2018): 776-780.
39. Velasquez-Manoff M. “The peacekeepers”. Nature 518 (2015): S3-S5.
40. Louis P and Flint HJ. “OUP Academic - Diversity, metabolism, and microbial ecology of butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine”. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1 (2009): 1-8.
41. Nemoto H., et al. “Effects of fermented brown rice on the intestinal environments in healthy adult”. Journal of Medical Investigation 58 (2011):235-245.
42. Watanabe S. “Medical rice, discovery of a new food”. In Singh, R.B.; Watanabe, S.; Isaza, A.A. (eds.) Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Metabolic and Non-communicable Diseases. Elsevier Science Pub. Co. Ltd., United Kingdom (2021).
43. Mori H., et al. “Inhibitory effect of chlorogenic acid on methylazoxymethanol-acetate-induced carcinogenesis in large intestine and liver of hamsters”. Cancer Letters 1 (1986): 49-54.
44. Reddy B S., et al. “Effect of dietary wheat bran and dehydrated citrus fiber on azoxymethane-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in Fischer 344 rats”. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 3 (1981): 553-557.
45. Reddy BS and Mori H. “Effect of dietary wheat bran and dehydrated citrus fiber on 3,2’-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in F344 rats”. Carcinogenesis 1 (1981): 21-25.
46. Kawabata K., et al. “Dietary prevention of azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis with rice-germ in F344 rats”. Carcinogenesis11 (1999): 2109-2115.
47. Kawabata K., et al. “Modifying effects of ferulic acid on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats”. Cancer Letter1 (2000): 15-21.
48. Tanaka T., et al. “Inhibition of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring plant phenolics caffeic, ellagic, chlorogenic and ferulic acids”. Carcinogenesis7 (1993): 1321-1325,
49. Katayama M., et al. “Preventive effect of fermented brown rice and rice bran against colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats”. Oncology Reports4 (2002): 817-822.
50. Katayama M., et al. “Preventive effect of fermented brown rice and rice bran on diethylnitrosoamine and phenobarbital-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male F344 rats”. Oncology Report4 (2003): 875-880.
51. Kuno T., et al. “Preventive effect of fermented brown rice and rice bran on N-nitrosomethlbenzylamine-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in rats”. International Journal of Oncology6(2004): 1809-1815.
52. Tomita H., et al. “Preventive effect of fermented brown rice and rice bran on N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced gastric carcinogenesis”. Oncology Report1 (2008): 11-15.
53. Kuno T., et al. “Chemoprevention of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by fermented brown rice and rice bran”. Oncology Report3 (2006): 533-538.
54. Phutthaphadoong S., et al. “Chemopreventive effects of fermented brown rice and rice bran against 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung tumorigenesis in female A/J mice”. Oncology Report2 (2009): 321-327.
55. Phutthaphadoong S., et al. “Chemopreventive effect of fermented brown rice and rice bran (FBRA) on the inflammation-related colorectal carcinogenesis in ApcMin/+ mice”. Oncology Report 23.1 (2010): 53-59.
56. Sakurai H., et al. “Antimetastatic and immunostimulatory properties of fermented brown rice”. Journal of Traditional Medicine3 (2006): 112-116.
57. Mori H., et al. “Chemoprevention by naturally occurring and synthetic agents in oral, liver, and large bowel carcinogenesis”. Journal of cellular biochemistry Supplement 27 (1997): 35-41.
58. Mori H., et al. “Cell proliferation in cancer prevention; effects of preventive agents on estrogen-related endometrial carcinogenesis model and on an in vitro model in human colorectal cells”. Mutation Research (2001): 480-481.
59. Punia S., et al. “Aspergillus oryzae fermented rice bran: A byproduct with enhanced bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential”. Foods1 (2020): 70.
60. Onuma K., et al. “Fermented brown rice and rice bran with Aspergillus oryzae (FBRA) Prevents Inflammation-Related Carcinogenesis in Mice, through Inhibition of Inflammatory Cell Infiltration”. Nutrients12 (2015): 10237-10250.

Citation

Citation: Shaw Watanabe., et al. “Aspergillus oryzae Fermented Brown Rice and Bran Supplement “FBRA” for Health and Cancer Prevention".Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 5.12 (2021): 20-32.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Shaw Watanabe., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.