Abstract

Background: The childhood obesity is a public health problem whose main causes are the consumption of processed foods and junk food with a decrease in physical activity.

Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the existence of associations between nutritional status and the consumption of diet soft drinks in school children in Santiago, Chile.

Methods: Cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 157 school children of both sexes from 6 to 9 years of age of the Renca municipality, Santiago, Chile. To determine the nutritional status, weight, height and waist circumference were evaluated. To describe the consumption of diet soft drinks, a survey prepared for this study was applied.

Results: 57.97% of school children are overweight and obese according to BMI. Regarding abdominal obesity, 53.51% presented this condition according to waist circumference. 64.34% consume diet soft drinks at least one glass a day. Compared to the children who never drink diet soft drinks, the risk of obesity was higher in those who drank 1 glass a day of diet soft drinks (Odds ratio (OR): 1.02 [(IC) 95%: 0.45-2.32]), and who consumed 2 or more glasses a day of diet soft drinks (Odds ratio (OR): 1.52 [(IC) 95%: 0.74-3.2] p = 0.258). The risk of abdominal obesity in school children who consumed 1 glass (Odds ratio (OR): 1.3 [(IC) 95%: 0.58-2.98]) or 2 glasses a day of diet soft drinks (Odds ratio (OR): 1.1 [(IC) 95%: 0.57-2.4] p = 0.6726) was also higher.

Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of excess malnutrition accompanied by a significant percentage of children who drink diet soft drinks daily. School children who drink diet soft drinks every day are at increased risk of obesity.

Keywords: Nutritional Status; Diet Soft Drinks; Obesity; Abdominal Obesity; School Children; Cardiovascular Risk

References

1. Hales CM., et al. “Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017-2018” NCHS. Data Brief, no 360. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics (2020).
2. Margozzini P., et al. “National Health Survey, ENS 2016-2017: A contribution to health planning and public policies in Chile”. ARS MEDICA Revista de Ciencias Médicas 43 (2018): 30-34.
3. National Board School Aid and Scholarships (JUNAEB). Report Nutritional Map (2019).
4. Williams EP., et al. “Overweight and Obesity: Prevalence, Consequences, and Causes of a Growing Public Health Problem”. Current Obesity Reports 4 (2015): 363-370.
5. Llewellyn A., et al. “Childhood obesity as a predictor of morbidity in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Obesity Reviews 17 (2016): 56-67.
6. Olson J., et al. “Characterization of Childhood Obesity and Behavioral Factors”. Journal of Pediatric Health Care 30 (2016): 444-452.
7. Basu S., et al. “Relationship of Soft Drink Consumption to Global Overweight, Obesity, and Diabetes: A Cross-National Analysis of 75 Countries”. American Journal of Public Health 103 (2013): 2071-2077.
8. Tahmassebi JF., et al. “Impact of soft drinks to health and economy: a critical review”. European Archives Pediatric Dentistry 21 (2019): 3-11.
9. Malik VS., et al. “Sweeteners and Risk of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages”. Current Diabetes Reports 12 (2012): 195-203.
10. Crovetto M., et al. “Changes in the consumption of dairy products, sugary drinks and processed juices in the Chilean population”. Revista Médica de Chile 142 (2014): 1530-1539.
11. Schulze MB., et al. “Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle-Aged Women”. Journal of the American Medical Association 292 (2014): 927-934.
12. Malik VS., et al. “Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84 (2006): 274-288.
13. Malik VS., et al. “Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes”. Diabetes Care 33 (2010): 2477-2483.
14. Greenwood DC., et al. “Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose - response meta-analysis of prospective studies”. British Journal of Nutrition 112 (2014): 725-734.
15. Tate DF., et al. “Replacing caloric beverages with water or diet beverages for weight loss in adults: main results of the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95 (2012): 555-563.
16. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). “Anthropometry Procedures Manual” (2017).
17. Department of Nutrition and Food of Ministry of Health, Government of Chile. “Growth patterns for nutritional assessment of children and adolescents from birth to 19 years old” (2017).
18. Rodríguez X., et al. “Assessment of nutritional status and eating habits in 8- and 9-year-old schoolchildren from Santiago de Chile”. Revista Española de Nutrición Humana Dietética 23 (2019): 182-247.
19. Arroyo-Johnson C., et al. “Obesity Epidemiology Worldwide”. Gastroenterology Clinics North America 45 (2016): 571-579.
20. Cabrera MA., et al. “Evidence that a tax on sugar sweetened beverages reduces the obesity rate: a meta-analysis”. BMC Public Health 13 (2013): 1072-1081.
21. Fernandez JR., et al. “Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European American and Mexican American children and adolescents”. The Journal of Pediatrics 145 (2014): 439-444.
22. Ross R., et al. “Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity”. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 16 (2020): 177-189.
23. Rodríguez X. “Healthy eating habits and status nutrition in schoolchildren in Santiago de Chile”. Revista Española de Nutrición Comunitaria 2 (2018): 1-182.
24. Alarcón M., et al. “Nutritional status and body composition in school children from La Serena, Chile”. Revista Chilena de Nutrición 43 (2016): 138-145.
25. Cigarroa I., et al. “Nutritional status, fitness, school performance, anxiety level and health habits in primary school in the Bio Bío province of Chile: A cross-sectional study”. Revista Chilena de Nutrición 44 (2017): 209-217.
26. Ministry of Health, Government of Chile. “Food consumption survey in Chile” (2014).
27. Katzmarzyk P., et al. “Relationship between Soft Drink Consumption and Obesity in 9-11 Years Old Children in a Multi-National Study”. Nutrients 8 (2016): 770-782.
28. Sakurai M., et al. “Sugar-sweetened beverage and diet soda consumption and the 7-year risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men”. European Journal of Nutrition 53 (2014): 251-258.
29. Nettleton JA., et al. “Diet Soda Intake and Risk of Incident Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)”. Diabetes Care 32 (2009): 688-694.
30. Fowler S., et al. “Diet soda intake is associated with long-term increases in waist circumference in a bi-ethnic cohort of older adults: The San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging”. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 63 (2015): 708-715.
31. Lutsey PL., el al. “Dietary Intake and the Development of the Metabolic Syndrome the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study”. Circulation 117 (2018): 754-761.
32. Dhingra R., et al. “Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Adults in the Community”. Circulation 116 (2007): 480-488.
33. Duffey KJ., et al. “Dietary patterns matter: diet beverages and cardiometabolic risks in the longitudinal Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95 (2012): 909-915.
34. Imamura F., et al. “Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction”. British Medical Journal 21 (2015): h3576.
35. De Koning L., et al. “Sugar sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 93 (2011): 1321-1327.
36. Pereira MA. “Sugar-Sweetened and Artificially-Sweetened Beverages in Relation to Obesity Risk”. Advances in Nutrition 5 (2014): 797-808.

Citation

Citation: Ximena Rodríguez Palleres., et al. “Nutritional Status of Diet Soft Drinks Consumption Among Chilean School Children".Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 5.2 (2021): 60-66.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Ximena Rodríguez Palleres., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.