Abstract

Epidemiological studies have emphasized the relationship between migraine and obesity also pointing out its prevalence in the female sex. The mechanisms promoting pain migraine in obese subjects prone to this neurological disorder is multifactorial, among these the overproduction of soluble mediators favoring neural inflammation, psychological and behavioral risk factors. The ketogenic diet (KD) is a well-recognized as a therapeutic option for refractory pediatric epilepsy and a promising prophylactic treatment for episodic and chronic migraine in the adult. Performing a pilot study on the capability of KD to modulate a plethora of 800 microRNAs (miRs), a group of female obese subjects, 6 of 18 self-reported a reduction of the frequency and the intensity of migraine-pain attacks. Therefore, we check for miRs linked to migraines. The effects of KD seem to be mediated by specific serum hsa-miR-590-5p, hsa-miR-660-3p modulation.

Keywords: Ketogenic Diet; Migraine; MicroRNAs

References

1. Lipton RB and Bigal ME. “Migraine: epidemiology, impact, and risk factors for progression”. Headache 45 (2005): S3-S13.
2. Bigal ME., et al. “Obesity and migraine: a population study”. Neurology 66.4 (2006): 545-550.
3. Bigal ME., et al. “Body mass index and episodic headaches: a population-based study”. Archives of Internal Medicine 167.18 (2007): 1964-1970.
4. Ford ES., et al. “Body mass index and headaches: findings from a national sample of US adults”. Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache 28.12 (2008): 1270-1276.
5. Peterlin BL., et al. “Obesity and migraine: the effect of age, gender and adipose tissue distribution”. Headache 50.1 (2010): 52-62.
6. Hershey AD., et al. “Obesity in the pediatric headache population: a multicenter study”. Headache 49.2 (2009): 170-177. 
7. Kinik ST., et al. “Obesity and paediatric migraine”. Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache 30.1 (2010): 105-109. 
8. Pinhas-Hamiel O., et al. “Headaches in overweight children and adolescents referred to a tertiary-care center in Israel”. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16.3 (2008): 659-663. 
9. Ravid S. “Migraine and paediatric obesity: a plausible link?” The Indian Journal of Medical Research 139.3 (2014): 343-348. 
10. Verrotti A., et al. “Obesity and headache/migraine: the importance of weight reduction through lifestyle modifications”. BioMed Research International (2014): 420858.
11. Brownlow ML., et al. “Nutritional Ketosis Affects Metabolism and Behavior in Sprague-Dawley Rats in Both Control and Chronic Stress Environments”. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 10 (2017): 129.
12. Brehm BJ., et al. “A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women”. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88.4 (2003): 1617-1623.
13. Gross EC., et al. “Potential Protective Mechanisms of Ketone Bodies in Migraine Prevention”. Nutrients 11.4 (2019).
14. Barbanti P., et al. “Ketogenic diet in migraine: rationale, findings and perspectives”. Neurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 38 (2017): 111-115.
15. Nelson ED., et al. “Epigenetics in the mature mammalian brain: effects on behavior and synaptic transmission”. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 96.1 (2011): 53-60.
16. Eising E., et al. “Epigenetic mechanisms in migraine: a promising avenue?” BMC Medicine 11 (2013): 26.
17. Hu XM., et al. “Downregulation of miR-219 enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor production in mouse dorsal root ganglia to mediate morphine analgesic tolerance by upregulating CaMKIIgamma”. Molecular Pain 12 (2016).
18. Ligon CO., et al. “Targeting Epigenetic Mechanisms for Chronic Pain: A Valid Approach for the Development of Novel Therapeutics”. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 357.1 (2016): 84-93.
19. Gallelli L., et al. “microRNAs-based predictor factor in patients with migraine-ischemic stroke”. Microrna (2017).
20. Gallelli L., et al. “microRNAs to monitor pain-migraine and drug treatment”. Microrna (2017). 
21. Lagos-Quintana M., et al. “Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs”. Science 294.5543 (2001): 853-858. 
22. Cannataro R., et al. “Ketogenic Diet Acts on Body Remodeling and MicroRNAs Expression Profile”. Microrna 8.2 (2019): 116-126.
23. Cannataro R., et al. “Ketogenic Diet and microRNAs Linked to Antioxidant Biochemical Homeostasis”. Antioxidants (Basel) 8.8 (2019).
24. Cannataro R., et al. “Modulation of MicroRNAs Linked to Pain-migraine by Ketogenic Diet”. Current Developments in Nutrition 3 (2019).
25. Geiss GK., et al. “Direct multiplexed measurement of gene expression with color-coded probe pairs”. Nature Biotechnology 2008 26 (3): 317-325. 
26. Waggott D., et al. “NanoStringNorm: an extensible R package for the pre-processing of NanoString mRNA and miRNA data”. Bioinformatics 28.11 (2012): 1546-1548.
27. https://www.nanostring.com/products/analysis-software/nsolver
28. Shkurnikov MY., et al. “Analysis of Plasma microRNA Associated with Hemolysis”. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 160.6 (2016): 748-750.
29. Bond DS., et al. “Migraine and obesity: epidemiology, possible mechanisms and the potential role of weight loss treatment”. Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 12.5 (2011): e362-371.
30. Pavlovic JM., et al. “Association Between Obesity and Migraine in Women”. Current Pain and Headache Reports 21.10 (2017): 41. 
31. Andersen HH., et al. “Serum MicroRNA Signatures in Migraineurs During Attacks and in Pain-Free Periods”. Molecular Neurobiology 53.3 (2016): 1494-1500.
32. Vlachos IS., et al. “DIANA-miRPath v3.0: deciphering microRNA function with experimental support”. Nucleic Acids Research 43 (2015): W460-466.
33. Klimov E., et al. “Genetics of Migraine - Is There any Progress?” Journal of Neurology Stroke 7.4 (2017): 00245.
34. Tietjen GE., et al. “Adverse childhood experiences are associated with migraine and vascular biomarkers”. Headache 52.6 (2012): 920-929.
35. Gazerani P. “Current Evidence on Potential Uses of MicroRNA Biomarkers for Migraine: From Diagnosis to Treatment”. Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy 23.6 (2019): 681-694.
36. Gallelli L., et al. “Hsa-miR-34a-5p and hsa-miR-375 as Biomarkers for Monitoring the Effects of Drug Treatment for Migraine Pain in Children and Adolescents: A Pilot Study”. Journal of Clinical Medicine 8.7 (2019).
37. Di Lorenzo C., et al. “A ketogenic diet normalizes interictal cortical but not subcortical responsivity in migraineurs”. BMC Neurology 19.1 (2019): 136.
38. Orlova IA., et al. “MicroRNA modulation in complex regional pain syndrome”. Journal of Translational Medicine 9 (2011): 195.
39. Peterlin BL., et al. “Migraine may be a risk factor for the development of complex regional pain syndrome”. Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache 30.2 (2010): 214-223.
40. Melone M., et al. “Localization of the glutamine transporter SNAT1 in rat cerebral cortex and neighboring structures, with a note on its localization in human cortex”. Cereb Cortex 14.5 (2004): 562-574.
41. Yamada D., et al. “Inhibition of the glutamine transporter SNAT1 confers neuroprotection in mice by modulating the mTOR-autophagy system”. Communications biology 2.1 (2019): 346.
42. Goadsby PJ., et al. “Pathophysiology of Migraine: A Disorder of Sensory Processing”. Physiological Reviews 97.2 (2017): 553-622.

Citation

Citation: Roberto Cannataro.,et al. “Ketogenic Diet Modifies the Expression of MicroRNAs Linked to Migraine". Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 4.9 (2020): 34-41.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Roberto Cannataro.,et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.