Shivani Gautam* and Nitika Sharma

University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain

*Corresponding Author: Manuel Torres Fernández, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

Received: July 11, 2025; Published: July 27, 2025

Abstract

This master's thesis, entitled The Mercantile Spirit in the Netherlands in the 15th Century, was supervised by Professor Dr. Xosé Manuel Sánchez Sánchez of the Department of History (Medieval History), University of Santiago de Compostela.

We aim to demonstrate how the emergence of a market economy in Europe found its earliest expression across vast regions of the Low Countries during the closing decades of the Middle Ages. Owing to particular geographic conditions, most notably the continuous subsidence of the terrain, which gave rise to a dynamically shifting landscape—economic activity became predominantly oriented toward the trade of land, labor, capital, and goods. This phenomenon, combined with a high literacy rate among the populace, likewise attests to the consolidation of a robust civil society, supported by institutions actively engaged in political life. Furthermore, the pronounced market integration and the resulting low transaction costs fostered what contemporaries would identify as a koopman geest, a mercantile ethos characteristic of social strata known as Poorters or burghers.

In conclusion, the Sonderweg of the Netherlands—that is, their deviation from the classical Marxist paradigm of conflict marking the transition from feudalism to capitalism—manifests instead in a distinctive Volksaart defined by its mercantile spirit.

Keywords: Capitalism; Poorer; Koopmangeest; Subsidence; Trade

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Citation

Citation: Manuel Torres Fernández. “The Commercial Mentality in the Low Countries in the 15th Century". Acta Scientific Women's Health 7.8 (2025): 72-83.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2025 Manuel Torres Fernández. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.