Acta Scientific Women's Health (ASWH)(ISSN: 2582-3205)

Review Article Volume 5 Issue 1

HIV During Pregnancy: Downsizing Mother to Child Transmission

Asha KV*

Assistant Professor, Government College of Nursing, Thruvananthapuram, India

*Corresponding Author: Asha KV, Assistant Professor, Government College of Nursing, Thruvananthapuram, India.

Received: November 17, 2022; Published: December 26, 2022

Abstract

Yearly more than 1.3 million women with HIV get pregnant all over the world. There is a 15 - 45 percentage risk of transmitting of HIV to the newborn during pregnancy, labour and puerperium if left unattended. Thus prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV is highly recommended under the umbrella of maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health services and public health system. Appropriate management of mother during pregnancy, labour and puerperium definitely helps in reducing the transmission of HIV from mother to child. Antiretroviral therapy with combination of drugs is a legitimate intervention in order to minimise the risk of mother to child transmission. Special precautions are necessary while conducting delivery. As breast feeding increases the risk for transmission, it should be informed to the mother to make choice regarding this.Transmission rates can be reduced to below 5% with appropriate management.

Keywords: HIV; Pregnancy; Transmission

References

  1. “Mother to child transmission of HIV – Global HIV programme” (2022).
  2. Bhatta M., et al. “Mother to child HIV transmission and its correlates in India: systematic review and meta analysis”. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 20 (2020): 509.
  3. NACO, Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission (PPTCT) of HIV using Multi Drug Anti-retroviral Regimen in India Updated Guidelines for December (2013)
  4. Elizabeth glaser pediatric AIDs foundation, Prevention of mother to child transmission.
  5. Mandelbrot L., et al. “No perinatal HIV-1 transmission from women with effective antiretroviral therapy starting before conception”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 11 (2015): 1715-1725.
  6. Agabu A., et al. “National level effectiveness of ART to prevent early mother to child transmission of HIV in Namibia”. Plos ONE11 (2020).
  7. Usama Irshad., et al. “HIV In Pregnancy”. StatPearls Publishing LLC (2022).
  8. Mitchell C., et al. “Cervicovaginal shedding of HIV type 1 is related to genital tract inflammation independent of changes in vaginal microbiota”. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses1 (2011): 35-39.
  9. Scott GB., et al. “Missed Opportunities for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus”. Obstetrics and Gynecology4 (2017): 621-628.
  10. Fowler ., et al. “Benefits and Risks of Antiretroviral Therapy for Perinatal HIV Prevention”. The New England Journal of Medicine18 (2016): 1726-1737.
  11. McCormack SA and Best BM. “Protecting the fetus against HIV infection: a systematic review of placental transfer of antiretrovirals”. Clinical Pharmacokinetics11 (2014): 989-1004.
  12. Sibiude J., et al. “In utero exposure to zidovudine and heart anomalies in the ANRS French perinatal cohort and the nested PRIMEVA randomized trial”. Clinical Infectious Diseases2 (2015): 270-280.
  13. Zash R., et al. “Neural-Tube Defects with Dolutegravir Treatment from the Time of Conception”. The New England Journal of Medicine10 (2018): 979-981.
  14. Powis KM., et al. “Increased risk of preterm delivery among HIV-infected women randomized to protease versus nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HAART during pregnancy”. Journal of Infectious Diseases4 (2011): 506-514.
  15. Boyd SD., et al. “Cobicistat-containing antiretroviral regimens are not recommended during pregnancy: viewpoint”. AIDS6 (2019): 1089-1093.
  16. Patel M., et al. “HIV RNA Suppression during and after Pregnancy among Women in the HIV Outpatient Study, 1996 to 2015”. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care 17 (2018): 2325957417752259.
  17. Waitt C., et al. “Safety and pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir in pregnant mothers with HIV infection and their neonates: A randomised trial (DolPHIN-1 study)”. PLoS Medicine9 (2019): e1002895.
  18. Galli L., et al. “Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children. Is the interruption of antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy an additional major risk factor for mother-to-child transmission of HIV type 1?” Clinical Infectious Diseases9 (2009): 1310-1317.
  19. Katz IT., et al. “Factors associated with lack of viral suppression at delivery among highly active antiretroviral therapy-naive women with HIV: a cohort study”. Annals of Internal Medicine2 (2015): 90-99.
  20. Grignolo ., et al. “Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes among a cohort of HIV-infected women in a large Italian teaching hospital: a 30-year retrospective study”. Epidemiology Infection8 (2017): 1658-1669.
  21. “ACOG Committee Opinion No. 751: Labor and Delivery Management of Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection”. Obstetrics and Gynecology3 (2018): e131-e137.
  22. Kourtis AP., et al. “Complications of cesarean deliveries among HIV-infected women in the United States”. AIDS 17 (2014): 2609-2618.
  23. Tita AT., et al. “Timing of elective repeat cesarean delivery at term and neonatal outcomes”. The New England Journal of Medicine2 (2009): 111-120.
  24. Rodman JH., et al. “Systemic pharmacokinetics and cellular pharmacology of zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected women and newborn infants”. Journal of Infectious Disease6 (1999): 1844-1850.
  25. Nielsen-Saines K., et al. “Three postpartum antiretroviral regimens to prevent intrapartum HIV infection”. The New England Journal of Medicine25 (2012): 2368-2379.
  26. Anderson EA., et al. “Assessing the Impact of Perinatal HIV Case Management on Outcomes Along the HIV Care Continuum for Pregnant and Postpartum Women Living With HIV, Philadelphia 2005-2013”. AIDS Behavior9 (2017): 2670-2681.
  27. Jackson E and Glasier A. “Return of ovulation and menses in postpartum nonlactating women: a systematic review”. Obstetrics and Gynecology3 (2011): 657-662.
  28. Polis CB and Curtis KM. “Use of hormonal contraceptives and HIV acquisition in women: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence”. Lancet Infectious Disease9 (2013): 797-808.
  29. O'Connor E., et al. “Primary Care Screening for and Treatment of Depression in Pregnant and Postpartum Women: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force”. JAMA 4 (2016): 388-406.
  30. Jao J and Abrams EJ. “Metabolic complications of in utero maternal HIV and antiretroviral exposure in HIV-exposed infants”. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal7 (2014): 734-740.
  31. “ACOG Committee Opinion No. 736: Optimizing Postpartum Care”. Obstetrics and Gynecology5 (2018): e140-e150.
  32. Mclntyre J and Gray G. “What can we do to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV”. BMJ 7331 (2002): 218-221.
  33. Anoje C., et al. “Reducing mother to child transmission of HIV: findings from an early infant diagnosis program in south- south region of Nigeria”. BMC Public Health12 (2012).

Citation

Citation: Asha KV. “HIV During Pregnancy: Downsizing Mother to Child Transmission". Acta Scientific Women's Health 5.1 (2023): 31-35.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Asha KV. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate35%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In





News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is December 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"

Contact US