Abduleziz Jemal*, Milion Shiferaw and Mogos Mokonin
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia
*Corresponding Author: Abduleziz Jemal, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia.
Received: December 01, 2020; Published: February 17, 2021
Citation: Abduleziz Jemal., et al. “Short Review on Histoplasmosis”. Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 3.3 (2021): 08-11.
Keywords: Histoplasma capsulatum; Thailand; Fungus
Histoplasmosis is an infection disease that caused by fungus which is called Histoplasma capsulatum. It was found in the environment, especially in soil that contains large amounts of bird populations and bat droppings, and enters in to the body by inhalation and affects primarily the lungs [1].
Histoplasmosis caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum is often lethal in patients with AIDS. Urine antigen testing is highly sensitive and much quicker for diagnosis than culture. Histoplasmosis can be studied in different countries, especially in south Asia One research has been observed different results in different countries, according to this research he conducted a total of 407 samples and observed different results by country, cases by country varied: Thailand (233), Malaysia (76), Indonesia (48) and Singapore (21). Most cases (255 (63%)) were disseminated histoplasmosis and 177 (43%) cases were HIV associated and according to this reviewer, he observes high histoplasm in skin test sensitivity prevalence were found in Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam - 86.4%, 26.0%, 63.6%, 36.0% and 33.7%, respectively [2].
In India, 388 cases were published from 1995 to 2017, of which most were diagnosed. From 2004 onwards and overall 29% were HIV-associated patients are affected by histoplasmosis [3].
In Latin America, the number of deaths by histoplasmosis from observed case (6710-15,657) in 2012 was between 671-9394 people are deaths from this disease [4].
The recent out breaks of histoplasmosisThe largest prevalence was reported by Jacob Baker., et al. 2019, in Different countries of South Asia Thailand (233) followed by Malaysia (76), Indonesia (48) and Singapore (21).
Histoplasmosis including Hcd and Hcc has been reported from different countries in Africa Reported by [3], in over 31countries, and I take as a sample 14 African Countries and I mentioned in the following tables.
Figure 1: Map of reported cases of histoplasmosis infection by country 1932–2018. Jacob Baker, 2019.
Country |
Total number of cases |
H. capsulatumvar. dubosii |
H. capsulatum var. capsulatum |
HIV positive |
HIV negative |
Nigeria |
214 |
124 |
-- |
4 |
210 |
Ivory Coast |
10 |
7 |
3 |
4 |
6 |
Ghan |
12 |
4 |
8 |
11 |
1 |
Senegal |
12 |
9 |
3 |
4 |
8 |
Mali |
8 |
8 |
- |
- |
8 |
Liberia |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
- |
Gambia |
1 |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
Ethiopia |
1 |
1 |
- |
? |
? |
Uganda |
36 |
18 |
4 |
3 |
33 |
Chad |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
2 |
Somali |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
Zaire (DRC) |
9 |
4 |
5 |
8 |
1 |
Congo |
36 |
35 |
1 |
23 |
13 |
Cameroon |
15 |
6 |
9 |
12 |
3 |
Table 1: Rita O Oladele., et al. [3].
Risk factorsImmunocompromised persons are at significantly increased risks of contracting histoplasmosis. Environmental and wilderness-related risk factors for his- toplasmosis include bird and bat watching, cave and cave entrance exploration, and bamboo removal and burning. Occupational risk factors for histoplasmosis include road construction, roofing, bridge and water tower work, demolition, and masonry.
The fungus is found throughout the world and grows in soil that has been enriched with bat or bird droppings or in bat droppings themselves. For example, the fungus is common around old chicken houses, in caves and other areas harboring bats, and around starling and blackbird roosts. The fungus produces spores that can become airborne if the soil is disturbed. Inhalation of these spores may cause infection. The disease is not spread from person to person. It is not acquired from animals that have the disease [6].
Zoonotic importanceHistoplasmosis is not contagious or not zoonotic, but humans are infected from environment.
Forecasted riskCopyright: © 2021 Abduleziz Jemal., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.