Kokou Vonor^1,2*, Fabrice Bagna³, Yaovi Tété³, Yawa Nagbé³, Koffi D Ayéna^3,4 and Komi P Balo³

¹Centre Hospitalier Régional de Kara, Togo
²Faculté des Science de la Santé, Université de Kara, Togobr> ³Faculté des Science de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Togo
⁴Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sylvanus Olympio, Lomé, Togo

*Corresponding Author: Kokou Vonor, Service d’Ophtalmogie CHR Kara, Maître de Conférences Agrégé à Faculté des Sciences de la Santé de l’université de Kara, Lomé, Togo.

Received: July 11, 2022; Published: July 19, 2022

Abstract

Purpose: List and analyze the factors related to anxiety and pain related to cataract surgery under loco regional anesthesia in Lomé.

Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study, over a period of 7 months from January to July 2020, on patients undergoing cataract surgery. The Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale (APAIS from 6 to 30) assessed preoperative anxiety before each intervention. The visual analogic scale (VAS from 0 to 10) measured the Postoperative pain.

Results: We considered 105 patients, including 50 men and 55 women, i.e. a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.91. The mean age was 61.71 ± 14.14 [22-88] years. The average duration of surgery was 22.52 ± 6.73 minutes. The mean global preoperative anxiety score was 7.22 ± 3.14. Women had an average global anxiety score of 8.04 versus 6.32 for men. The mean global preoperative anxiety score for the first eye was 6.75 versus 8.72 for the second eye. The most anxiety-provoking preoperative factor was the feeling of postoperative pain (19.05%) followed by probable losing of the operated eye (9.52%). Over 105 patients, 5 (4.76%), reported immediate postoperative pain equal to 4 according to the VAS for the first eye versus 8 (10.26%) for the second eye. Immediate postoperative period revealed 12.73% of women expressing pain at 4 according to the VAS compared to 12% of men.

Conclusion: The management of anxiety and pain related to cataract surgery involves informing the patient about anesthesia, surgery, postoperative follow-up, and the expected visual result. The contribution of music to the theater in reducing preoperative anxiety needs exploring in a subsequent study.

Keywords: Anxiety; Pain; Cataract Surgery; Lomé

References

1. World Health Organization. “World report on vision”. Geneva (2019).
2. Bourne Rupert R A., et al. “Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. The Lancet. Global health9 (2017): e888-e897.
3. Tabin Geoffrey., et al. “Cataract surgery for the developing world”. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology1 (2008): 55-59.
4. Khanna Rohit and Gvs Murthy. “Inequities in cataract surgical coverage in South Asia”. Community Eye Health95 (2016): S06-S09.
5. Mahmud Imran., et al. “A Proposed Minimum Standard Set of Outcome Measures for Cataract Surgery”. JAMA Ophthalmology11 (2015): 1247-1252.
6. Sandford-Smith John. “Sutureless cataract surgery: principles and steps”. Community Eye Health48 (2003): 49-53.
7. Diallo Jean Wenceslas., et al. “Functional outcomes of cataract surgery by phacoemulsification with implantation in the posterior chamber: 300 cases in Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)”. The Pan African Medical Journal 20 (2015): 230.
8. Lemaitre S., et al. “Evaluation of preoperative anxiety in patients requiring glaucoma filtration surgery”. Journal Francais D'ophtalmologie1 (2014): 47-53.
9. Gayadine-Harricham Y and T Amzallag. “Prevalence and causes of pain after cataract surgery: Comparison of 1^st and 2^nd eyes”. Journal Francais D'ophtalmologie6 (2017): 505-511.
10. Moerman N., et al. “The Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS)”. Anesthesia and Analgesia3 (1996): 445-451.
11. Koffi Virgile K., et al. “Chirurgie de la cataracte au centre hospitalier et universitaire de Bouake : aspects épidémio-cliniques et résultats fonctionnels“. Revue SOAO 01 (2015): 39-45.
12. Guirou N., et al. “Visual outcome of cataract surgery in adults”. Journal Francais D'ophtalmologie1 (2013): 19-22.
13. Spielberger CD., et al. “State trait anxiety inventory for adults manual”. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press (1983).
14. Batta, B., et al. “Simplified topical anesthesia protocol for ambulatory cataract surgery: safety and patient and surgeon satisfaction”. Journal Francais D'ophtalmologie7 (2014): 548-556.
15. Nijkamp MD., et al. “Determinants of surgery related anxiety in cataract patients”. The British Journal of Ophthalmology10 (2004): 1310-1314.
16. Jiang Lin., et al. “Perceived Pain during Cataract Surgery with Topical Anesthesia: A Comparison between First-Eye and Second-Eye Surgery”. Journal of Ophthalmology 2015 (2015): 383456.
17. Ramirez David A., et al. “Anxiety in patients undergoing cataract surgery: a pre- and postoperative comparison”. Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) 11 (2017): 1979-1986.
18. Ursea Roxana., et al. “Pain perception in sequential cataract surgery: comparison of first and second procedures”. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery6 (2011): 1009-1014.
19. Sharma NS., et al. “Patient perceptions of second eye clear corneal cataract surgery using assisted topical anaesthesia”. Eye (London, England)4 (2008): 547-550.
20. Chlan Linda L., et al. “Effects of patient-directed music intervention on anxiety and sedative exposure in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support: a randomized clinical trial”. JAMA22 (2013): 2335-2344.
21. Guerrier Gilles., et al. “Efficacy of Preoperative Music Intervention on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery”. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (2021): 748296.

Citation

Citation: Kokou Vonor., et al. “Assessment of Pain and Anxiety Related to Cataract Surgery".Acta Scientific Ophthalmology 5.8 (2022): 53-57.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Kokou Vonor., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.