Ahmed El-Sayed Ismail*

Department of Plant Pathology, National Research Centre, EGYPT

*Corresponding Author: Ahmed El-Sayed Ismail, Department of Plant Pathology, National Research Centre, Egypt.

Received: June 10, 2025; Published: July 31, 2025

Abstract

Soil texture as abiotic factor alongside three biotic factors respecting with nematode such as inoculation levels, inocula storage conditions and inocula source types affects the virulence of Heterodera zeae. Lighter soil textures such as sandy clay loam and sandy loam were found to be more conducive to nematode proliferation compared to other soil types. Previous studies have stated that the initial level of H. zeae increased, the final population also showed a corresponding increase, but a negative correlation existed between the initial level and rate of nematode build-up. Notably, highly final population were detected on inoculated corn plants with fresh stored cysts under greenhouse conditions compared to stored cysts in a refrigerator or under laboratory conditions. When the corn plants were inoculated with juveniles, the nematode attained the lowest rate of build-up while the maximum value was achieved when eggs were used as the inoculum. Additionally, corn growth was significantly reduced in cases where eggs were used for inoculation compared to juveniles or cysts.

Keywords: Hererodera zeae; Soil Textures; Inoculation Levels; Inocula storage Conditions; Types of Inocula; Virulence; Egypt

References

1. Aboul-Eid HZ and Ghorab AI. “The occurrence of Heterodera zeae in maize fields in Egypt”. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology 13 (1981): 51-61.
2. Ismail AE. “Biological and pathological studies on pathogenic nematodes of some field crops in Egypt [M Sc thesis].Cairo: Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University (1985): 121.
3. Ismail AE. “Impact of winter wheat, barley, broad bean and clover as preceding crops on population densities of corn cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae on corn in Egypt. In "Cereal cyst nematodes: status, research and outlook".9Eds I T Riley, J M Nicol, A A Dababat) (2009): 237-241.
4. Abadir SK. “Studies on the corn cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae: infra-species variation in some Egyptian populations [PhD thesis]. Cairo: Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University (1986): 90.
5. Moussa FF., et al. “Plant parasitic nematodes in maize and soybean fields in Egypt”. Bulletin Zoology Society, Egypt 37 (1988): 217-225.
6. Ismail AE., et al. “Population dynamics of Heterodera zeae on some corn hybrids in relation to soil temperature”. Bulletin Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo 44 (1993): 919-930.
7. Upadhyay RS., et al. “The effect of different soil types on the density of nematode populations”. Indian Journal of Nematology 2 (1972): 42-53.
8. Whitney ED and Doney DL. “The effects of soil types, inoculum levels, fertilizers and water regimes on the development of Heterodera schachtii on selected lines of sugarbeet”. Journal of the American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 17 (1973): 309-314.
9. Santo GS and Bolander WJ. “Interacting effects of soil temperature and type on reproduction and pathogenicity of Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne hapla on sugarbeets”. Journal of Nematology 11 (1979): 289-291.
10. Anand SC and Wrather JA. “Yield of soybeans as influenced by sand content in soil infested with Heterodera glycines”. Journal of Nematology 17 (1985): 491-494.
11. Walia RK. “Effect of soil texture on the pathogenecity of pigeon pea cyst nematode, Heterodera cajani on pigeon pea,Cajanus cajan”. Indian Journal of Nematology 17 (1987): 139-142.
12. Todd TC and Pearson CA. “Established of Heterodera glycines in three soil types”. Journal of Nematology 20 (1988): 57-60.
13. Srivastava AN and Sethi CL. “Effect of soil type on reproduction of Heterodera zeae”. Indian Journal of Nematology 14 (1984a): 72-75.
14. Ismail AE and Khair AM. “Development and reproduction of two populations of Heterodera zeae under stress of soil texture in Egypt”. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection12 (2014a): 1514-1522.
15. Wallace HR. “The biology of plant parasitic nematodes”. London: Edward Arnold (1963): 280.
16. Taha AH and Kassab NS. “Effect of soil type on infectivity of separate and comcomitant Meloidogyne javanica and Rotylenchulus reniformis on Vigna sinensis”. Research Bulletin 1072 (1979): 1-11.
17. Abd- Elgawad MMM. “Upgrading strategies for managing nematode pests on profitable crops”. Plants 13 (2024): 1558- 1579.
18. Ismail AE. “Host biotic factors affecting virulence of corn cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae on corn in Egypt”. Pakistan Journal of Nematology1 (2023): 65-69.
19. Rao GN and Peachy JE. “The effects of adding larvae of potato cyst nematode to potatoes grown in pots”. Plant Pathology 14 (1965): 15-18.
20. Gill JS and Swarup G. “Plant growth and development of Heterodera avenae at different population levels”. Bulletin of the Indian National Science Academy 46 (1973): 444-448.
21. Sharma NK and Sethi CL. “Effect of initial inoculum levels of Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera cajani on cowpea and on their population development”. Indian Journal of Nematology 5 (1975): 148-154.
22. Maas PW and Brinkman H. “Damage to maize by Meloidogyne graminicola”. Indian the Journal of Agricultural Science 42 (1977): 744-747.
23. Griffin GD. “Factors affecting the biology and pathogenecity of Heterodera schachtii on sugarbeet”. Journal of Nematology 20 (1988): 396-404.
24. Ghorab AI. “Studies on certain cyst-forming nematodes belonging to Heterodera and Globodera. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University (1978): 147.
25. Srivastava AN and Sethi CL. “Relationship of initial populations Heterodera zeae with plant growth of maize and nematode reproduction”. Indian Journal of Nematology 14 (1984b): 110-114.
26. Heald CM and Jenkins WR. “Aspects of host- parasite relationship of nematodes associated with weedy ornamentals”. Phytopathology 54 (1964): 718-726.
27. Ismail AE and Khair AM. “Influence of inoculation levels of Heterodera zeae on the nematode populations behavior and the host growth response in Egypt”. Acta Advances in Agricultural Sciences2 (2014): 1-7.
28. Ellenby C. “The seasonal response of the potato root eelworm, Heterodera rostochiensis: emergence of larvae throughout the year from cysts exposed to different temperature cycles”. Annals of Applied Biology 43 (1955): 1-11.
29. Ellenby C. “The survival of dessicated larvae of Heterodera rostochiensis and H. schachtii”. Nematologica 14 (1968): 544- 548.
30. Winslow RD. “The hatching response of some root eelworms of the genus Heterodera”. Annals of Applied Biology 43 (1955): 19-36.
31. Epps JM. “Survival of the soybean cyst nematode in seed stocks”. Plant Disease Reporter 53 (1969): 403-405.
32. Slack DA., et al. “The effect of temperature and moisture on the survival of Heterodera glycines in the absence of a host”. Journal of Nematology 4 (1972): 263-266.
33. Davis KA and Fisher JM. “Duration of infectivity of second stage larvae of Heterodera avenue”. Nematologica 22 (1976): 163- 168.
34. Krusberg LR and Sardanelli S. “Survival of Heterodera zeae in soil in the field and in the laboratory”. Journal of Nematology 21 (1989): 347-355.
35. Ismail AE and Khair AM. “Effect of inocula storage conditions on viability, infectivity and virulence of Heterodera zeae cysts infected corn in Egypt”. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management1 (2014c): 56-59.
36. Den Ouden H. “A comparison between the use of free and encysted eggs in hatching and pot experiments with Heterodera rostochiensis”. Nematologica 9 (1963): 225-230.
37. Ismail AE and Khair AM. “Influence of eggs, juveniles and cysts as types of inocula on viability, infectivity and virulence of Heterodera zeae on corn in Egypt”. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection18 (2014b): 2276-2279.

Citation

Citation: Ahmed El-Sayed Ismail. “Environmental Abiotic and Nematode Biotic Factors Affecting Virulence of Corn Cyst Nematode, Heterodera Zeae on Corn in Egypt" Acta Scientific Agriculture 9.8 (2025): 37-41.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2025 Ahmed El-Sayed Ismail. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.