Modern Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Production Potentiality through a Sorts of Management Practice

Atik Ahmed¹*, Md Masud Rana Parvej², Md Hafiz All Amin^3,4, Alok Kumar Paul⁵ and Md Asaduzzaman Khan⁵

¹Upazila Agriculture Officer, Kamalnagar, Lakshmipur, Bangladesh
²Officer (Chemicals), Padma Oil Company Limited, Bangladesh
³Sustainable Energy Management, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
⁴Associate Professor, Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Bangladesh
⁵Professor, Department of Soil Science Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka, Bangladesh

*Corresponding Author: Atik Ahmed, Upazila Agriculture Officer, Kamalnagar, Lakshmipur, Bangladesh.

Received: March 08, 2021; Published: April 16, 2021

Abstract

  The purpose of the research is to evaluate the production performance of transplanted modern rice using organic manure and inorganic fertilizer with water management. The research activity was completed by following Two (2) factors split plot design (SPD) with three replications. The treatments were factor A: two irrigations (I1= Continuous flooding; I2= Alternate wetting and drying) arranged in the main plots, whereas factor B: 8 different doses of fertilizer + manure (T0: Control, T1: 100% N100P15K45S20Zn2, T2: 50% NPKSZn +5-ton cowdung/ha, T3: 70% NPKSZn + 3-ton cowdung/ha, T4: 50% NPKSZn + 5-ton compost/ha, T5: 70% NPKSZn +3-ton compost/ha, T6: 50% NPKSZn + 3.5-ton poultry manure/ha and T7: 70% NPKSZn + 2.1-ton poultry manure/ha) settled in the subplots. The finding of the research revealed that the irrigation practices had not any significant effect but different doses of fertilizer and manure had significant outcomes on rice production. The highest numbers of effective tillers/hill (9.13), plant height (119.79 cm), panicle length (27.96 cm), 1000 grain wt. (21.67g), grain yield (5.12 t/ha) and straw yield (10.1 t/ha) were found from (50% NPKSZn plus 5-ton cowdung/ha), (70% NPKSZn plus 3-ton cowdung/ha), (70% NPKSZn plus 3-ton compost/ha), (50% NPKSZn plus 5-ton compost/ha), (70% NPKSZn plus 2.1-ton poultry manure/ha) and (100% N100P15K45S20Zn2), respectively. The grain yield percent increase (38.3%) was recorded from (70% NPKSZn plus 2.1-ton poultry manure/ha). The grain yield was higher because of organic +inorganic fertilizers as compared to chemical fertilizer. Moreover, the combined result of irrigation with fertilizer and manure was significantly influenced in yield. The highest grain yields (5.78 t/ha) were recorded from (Alternate wetting and drying with 70% NPKSZn plus 2.1-ton poultry manure/ha). The transplanted rice grain and straw nutrient concentrations were significantly affected by the application of fertilizer and manure. Finally, it can be recommended (70% NPKSZn plus 2.1-ton poultry manure/ha) for effective production of modern transplanted rice cultivation.

Keywords: Nutrient Accumulation; Chemical Fertilizer; Organic Manure; Irrigation; Grain Yield

Abbreviations

  %: Percent; @: At the Rate; AEZ: Agro-Ecological Zone; ANOVA: Analysis of Variance; BARI: Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute; BBS: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics; CEC: Cation Exchange Capacity; cm: Centimetre; CV%: Percentage of Coefficient of Variation; DMRT: Duncan’s Multiple Range Test; et al.: and Others; Etc: Etcetera; FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization; g: Gram; hr.: Hours; Kg/ha: Kilograms Per Hectare; Kg: kilogram; LAD: Leaf Area Diseased; M: Meter; MSE: Mean Square of the Error; No.: Number; ppm: Parts per Million; SE: Standard Error; Wt.: Weight

Introduction

  Food is the prime fundamental demand for human beings in the world. The food demand will increase gradually day after day in future. More than two third of the world’s population are presently living in the developing countries where agricultural production is not sufficient to meet the need of country [1]. Bangladesh, the most densely populated agricultural-based country is the fourth largest rice growing zone of the world. As the arable land is day by day decreased, the pressure goes on agriculture mainly in rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop production. Rice is the main food for almost all, and it has a huge impact on the agrarian economy in 3^rd world countries like Bangladesh. There are three distinct rice growing season in a year, among these, transplanted Aman rice contributes to 35.47% of the total rice production in the country [2]. On an average, 80% of total cultivating area is occupied by intensively rice cultivation. It alone creates about 95% of the country's food grain output. Truly, the rice production is minimum as compare to Japan (6.22 t/ha) and South Korea (7.00 t/ha), respectively [3]. Instead, the need for increased rice production has reached an alarming height to satisfy the growing demand.

  The exhaustion of soil nutrients is a big obstacle for higher crop yields [4]. A greater land use, particularly in intensive cropping systems, depletes available nutrients in the soil. Farmers use a total of 102 kg of nutrients per hectare per year (70 kg N + 24 kg P + 6 kg K + 2 kg S and Zn) while harvesting is approximately 200 kg ha^-1 [5]. The soil with crops has less than 1.5 per cent organic matter whereas healthy agricultural soils can have at least 2 per cent organic matter [6]. In addition, this significant soil portion is decreasing over time due to intense agriculture and higher dosage of chemical fertilizers with little or no organic manure in the farmer's field. Furthermore, the accelerated mineralization of soil organic matter happens owing to the warm tropical climate of Bangladesh. Without cycling of organic matter, nutrients cannot move freely in the soil, thereby resulting in slower nutrient use. unless a proper effort is made to enhance and maintain soil organic matter levels, production will not be feasible or maintained. It requires a complex range of organic and inorganic nutrients for long-term agriculture to yield high-quality food. Iqbal., et al. [7] views that a successful integration of organic manures and chemical fertilizers will provide greater productivity, as well as the capability to preserve soil fertility and agricultural production. Long-term study at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) showed that applying cowdung @5 t/ha/year increased rice production while also preventing soil depletion [8]. However, a decent source of nutrients in the soil is poultry manure [9]. It has been shown that 4 t/ha of chicken manure and 60 kg N/ha of urea provide a crop yield close to that of 120 kg N/ha of urea alone [10]. Organic manure can provide a large amount of plant nutrients so it can lead to crop yields [11]. As a result, in order to achieve a sustainable crop yield without reducing soil productivity, it is important to use fertilizer and manure in tandem.

  Soil organic matter increases crop development by enhancing the physicochemical properties of the soil. Regressive organic matter from various AZEs has dropped by approximately by 15 - 30% during the last two decades [12]. Consequently, soil potential cannot be used as the sole output guideline. Earlier in this century, attention was paid to the global environmental issues of using of vermicompost although FYM, and it has changed lately to concentrate on using food waste, fertilizer, manures, and poultry manure. Different fertilizers and manure make land harder and promote biological activity. It's also linked to enzymatic behavior and soil porosity. Organic fertilizer increases normal and intermittent pores in the surface, causing a priming impact in native soil organic matter. To boost soil physical properties and provide vital plant nutrients for better yields, both chemical and organic fertilizers must be used [13]. Irrigation is another important factor for the growth and development of rice plant. According to the Yang., et al. [14] applications of mixed chemical fertilizers with cow dung manure or wheat straw in an alternative wet and dry conditions improved N, K and P absorption by rice plants, as well as 1000 grain weight and grain yield. The above discussion gives the idea that transplanted-Aman rice production can be increased by applying effective management practices. So, it is most important to determine a management practice selection that will play an influential role in rice production. The present research theme is to bring a suitable management scheme that can lead rice cultivation to enhance. Hence, the objective of the experiment is to develop a suitable integrated dose of inorganic fertilizers and manures with water management on the yield, yield components of transplanted-Aman rice along with improvement of soil fertility.

Materials and Methods

Experimental site, soil and plant material

  The experimental research was accompanied in rice cultivating classic silty loam soil at the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Farm, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the transplanted-Aman season, the average temperature ranges from 19.2 to 31.8 (0C) during experimental period July to October. In the first and second table, the features of the soil are given in relation to both their morphology, as well as their chemical and physical properties. The experimental area's atmosphere is marked by light precipitation connected with a minimum temperature during the field research work. BRRI dhan 32 was selected for the research as tested crop. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) released this variety for transplanted-Aman season.

Morphology	Characteristics
Location	SAU Farm, Dhaka.
Agro-ecological zone	Madhupur Tract (AEZ- 28)
General Soil Type	Deep Red Brown Terrace Soil
Parent material	Madhupur Terrace.
Topography	Fairly level
Drainage	Well drained
Flood level	Above flood level

Table 1: Morphological characteristics of the experimental field [15].

Characteristics	Value
Mechanical fractions: % Sand (2.0-0.02 mm) % Silt (0.02-0.002 mm) % Clay (<0.002 mm)	22.26 56.72 20.75
Textural class	Silt Loam
pH (1: 2.5 soil- water)	5.9
Organic Matter (%)	1.09
Total N (%)	0.028
Available K (ppm)	15.625
Available P (ppm)	7.988
Available S (ppm)	2.066

Table 2: The soil's original physical and chemical features.

Research design and treatments

  The experimental research followed two factors split plot design (SPD) consisted of three (3) replications. The layout was made distributing two irrigations (continuous flooding and alternate wetting and drying) arranged in main plots and fertilizer + manure treatments to the sub plots. There were 48 plots in total, measuring 2.5 m × 2.0 m and ails separated plots from each other. A difference of 1.0 m and 0.5 m was held between two main plots and two sub plots, respectively. The experimental treatments were as follows-

• Factor A: Irrigation
• I₁= Continuous flooding
• I₂= Alternate wetting and drying.
• Factor B: Fertilizer plus manure
• T₀= Control
• T₁= 100% N₁₀₀P₁₅K₄₅S₂₀Zn₂ (Recommended dose)
• T₂= 50% NPKSZn + 5 ton cowdung/ha
• T₃= 70% NPKSZn + 3 ton cowdung/ha
• T₄= 50% NPKSZn + 5 ton compost/ha
• T₅= 70% NPKSZn + 3 ton compost/ha
• T₆= 50% NPKSZn + 3.5 ton poultry manure/ha
• T₇= 70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha.

Treatment combination

• I₁T₀ = (Continuous flooding + Control)
• I₁T₁ = (Continuous flooding + 100% N₁₀₀P₁₅K₄₅S₂₀Zn₂ (Recommended dose)}
• I₁T₂ = (Continuous flooding + 50% NPKSZn + 5 ton cowdung/ha)
• I₁T₃ = (Continuous flooding + 70% NPKSZn + 3 ton cowdung/ha)
• I₁T₄ = (Continuous flooding + 50% NPKSZn + 5 ton compost/ha)
• I₁T₅ = (Continuous flooding + 70% NPKSZn + 3 ton compost/ha)
• I₁T₆ = (Continuous flooding + 50% NPKSZn + 3.5 ton poultry manure/ha)
• I₁T₇ = (Continuous flooding + 70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha)
• I₂T₀ = (Alternate wetting and drying + Control)
• I₂T₁ = [Alternate wetting and drying + 100% N₁₀₀P₁₅K₄₅S₂₀Zn₂(Recommended dose)]
• I₂T₂ = (Alternate wetting and drying + 50% NPKSZn + 5 ton cowdung/ha)
• I₂T₃ = (Alternate wetting and drying + 70% NPKSZn + 3 ton cowdung/ha)
• I₂T₄ = (Alternate wetting and drying + 50% NPKSZn +5 ton compost/ha)
• I₂T₅ = (Alternate wetting and drying + 70% NPKSZn + 3 ton compost/ha )
• I₂T₆ = (Alternate wetting and drying + 50% NPKSZn +3.5 ton poultry manure/ha)
• I₂T₇ = (Alternate wetting and drying + 70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha).

Field planning and fertilizer application

  The field was first opened by a tractor and extensively equipped by ploughing and cross ploughing with a power tiller, supplemented by a country plough. Laddering assisted with breaking up the clods, and with each ploughing, the ground was leveled. Until transplanting, weeds, stubbles, and crop residues were removed from each plot device. Finally, puddling was used to plan each story. Initial soil samples at 0-15 cm depth were obtained from multiple locations in the experimental area prior to land preparation. The composite soil sample was air-dried, crushed, and sieved at a size of 2 mm (8 meshes). The soil samples were sieved and stored in a plastic jar for physical and chemical examination. According to the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, the recommended doses of N as Urea 192Kg/ha, P as TSP 60Kg/ha, K as MoP 105Kg/ha, S as Gypsum 68Kg/ha, Zn as ZnSO4 1 Kg/ha for transplanted-Aman rice cultivation. The amount of these fertilizers were measured as per treatments. Until transplanting rice seedlings, maximum doses of TSP, MP, gypsum, and zinc sulphate were added as a basal dose. One-third of the urea was added at the basal before transplanting, one-third at the successful tillering point (30 DAT), and the remaining one-third at the panicle initiation stage (5 DAT) (55 DAT). Cowdung, poultry manure, and compost were the three forms of sustainable manure used. According to the treatments, the rates of manure were 3 & 5, 2.1 & 3.5, and 3 & 5 ton/ha for cow dung, poultry manure, and compost per plot, respectively. Before the final four days of land planning, cowdung, poultry manures, and compost is added. Table 3 shows the chemical compounds of the manures that were used.

Sources of organic manure	Nutrient content
	N (%)	P (%)	K (%)	S (%)
Cow dung	1.46	0.29	0.74	0.24
Poultry manure	2.2	1.99	0.82	0.29
Compost	2.89	0.28	1.60	0.32

Table 3: The chemical properties of the compost, cow dung and poultry manure (Based on oven dry)

Seedlings transplanted

  Rice seedlings were grown utilizing wet-bed techniques. Seeds (95 percent germination) were soaked and incubated for 48 hours before being sown on a well-prepared seedbed at a pace of 5 kg/ha. Fertilizers were not used during seedling development. Where necessary, proper water and pest control procedures were adopted. Seedlings that were forty days old were gently uprooted from the seedling nursery and transplanted onto a well-drained puddle plot. Two seedlings were used per slope, with a 20 cm 20 cm spacing. After one week of transplanting, all plots were tested for any missed hills, which were filled in as required with extra seedlings.

Intercultural operations

  Intercultural operations were carried out to ensure that the crop grew normally. Plant security measures were implemented as required. T-Aman is cultivated in rain fed condition. As a result, managing irrigation treatments in the major plots is exceedingly challenging. When supplemented irrigation was applied, treatment wise irrigation levels were maintained. Necessary irrigations were provided to the plots as and when required during the growing period of rice crop. Irrigation treatment of alternate wetting and drying was not properly maintained due to rainy season. The plots were infested with some common weeds, which were removed by uprooting them from the field three times during the period of the cropping season. There were no disease infestations in the area, but leaf rollers (Chaphalocrosis medinalis, Pyralidae, Lepidoptera) were seen and Malathion @ 1.12 L ha-1 was used to monitor them. On November 26, the field was harvested at full maturity, when 80-90 percent of the grains had become straw colored. The crop was cut at ground level, and each plot's crop was packaged and taken to the threshing floor separately. Eight rice plant hills were chosen at random from the plants to be measured for yield contributing characters.

Data collection and analysis

  Data were collected in the following variables, effective tiller/hill, plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), number of unfilled and filled grain per panicle, weight of 1000 seeds (g), straw yield (ton/ ha), grain yield (ton/ ha). The statistical test ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) was done with the help of the SPSS (22.0) statistical data analysis software while the data mean separations were adjusted by the DMRT (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) [16].

Chemical analysis of plant samples

  After threshing, grain and straw samples were obtained for N, P, K, and S analysis. The plant samples were dried in a 70°C oven for 72 hours before being ground in a wiley-mill and passing through a 20-mesh sieve. The samples were held in a plastic vial for N, P, K, and S analysis. The concentrations of N, P, K, and S in grain and straw samples were determined. The nutrient contents of straw and grain samples were determined after chemical examination, and nutrient uptakes were calculated using the following formula: Nutrient uptake (kg/plot) ={Nutrient content (%)/100 × Yield (kg/plot)}.

Results and Discussion

Effect of irrigation Effect of irrigation on yield contributing characters and yield of T-Aman

  Insignificant variation was observed on the effective tillers/hill of rice when the field was irrigated with two different irrigations. Between these two irrigations, I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the highest number of effective tillers/hill (8.27) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed lowest number of effective tillers/hill (8.20) presented in table 4. Similar trend of result was found in plant height, panicle length, 1000 grain weight, straw yield and grain yield. I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the highest plant height (116.54 cm) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed lowest plant height (116.38 cm). I2 (alternate wetting and drying) showed the highest panicle length (24.91 cm) and I1 (continuous flooding) irrigation showed lowest panicle length (24.04 cm). I1 (Continuous flooding)) showed the highest number of filled grain per panicle (88.91) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying irrigation) showed lowest number of filled grain per panicle (85.11). I2 (alternate wetting and drying) showed the highest 1000 grain wt. (20.92g) and I1 (continuous flooding) irrigation showed lowest 1000 grain wt. (20.81g). I2 (Alternate wetting and drying irrigation) showed the highest straw yield (4.71 kg/plot). (9.43 t/ha) and I1 (Continuous flooding) showed lowest straw yield (4.68 kg/plot) (9.35 t/ha). I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the highest grain yield (2.36 kg/plot) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed lowest grain yield (2.35 kg/plot). Numerically, the highest grain yield (4.72 t/ha) was found in I1 (Continuous flooding) and the lowest grain yield (4.70 t/ha) was recorded in I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation, respectively (Figure 1).

Treatments	No. of effective tillers/hill	Plant height (cm)	Panicle length (cm)	1000 grain wt. (g)	Straw yield/plot (kg)	Grain yield/plot (kg)
I1	8.27	116.54	24.04	20.81	4.68	2.36
I2	8.20	116.38	24.91	20.92	4.71	2.35
SE (±)	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

Table 4: Effect of irrigation on yield contributing characters and yield of T-Aman According to DMRT, figures with identical letter(s) do not differ significantly while figures with dissimilar letter(s) varied significantly.

Figure 1: Effect of irrigation on grain yield (t/ha) on Transplanted-Aman rice.

Effect of irrigation on NPKS concentration in rice grain and straw

  The effects of irrigation on NPKS concentration in grain and straw of rice are presented in table 5. Insignificant variation was observed on NPKS concentration in rice grain when the field was irrigated with two different irrigations. The highest N concentration in grain (1.224%) was observed in I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation and the lowest N concentration in grain (1.142%) was taken from I1 (Continuous flooding). I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the highest (0.238%) P concentration in grain and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed the lowest (0.217%) P concentration in grain. I1 (continuous flooding) showed the highest K concentration (0.266%) in grain and I2 (alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed the lowest K concentration (0.247%) in grain. I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the lowest S concentration in grain (0.163%) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed the highest S concentration in grain (0.176%). Similar trend of result was found in case of NPKS concentration in rice straw. I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the lowest N concentration in straw (0.54%) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed the highest N concentration in straw (0.60%). Between these two irrigations, I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the P concentration in straw (0.138%) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed the P concentration in straw (0.122%). I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the lowest K concentration in straw (1.354%) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed the highest K concentration in straw (1.442%). I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the S concentration in straw (0.110%) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed the S concentration in straw (0.120%) which were almost similar.

Treatments	Concentration (%) in grain				Concentration (%) in straw
	N	P	K	S	N	P	K	S
I1	1.142	0.238	0.266	0.163	0.544 b	0.138	1.354	0.110
I2	1.224	0.217	0.247	0.176	0.600 a	0.122	1.442	0.120
SE (±)	ns	ns	ns	ns	0.0093	ns	ns	ns

Table 5: Effect of irrigation on NPKS concentration in T-Aman rice grain and straw. According to DMRT, figures with identical letter(s) do not differ significantly while figures with dissimilar letter(s) varied significantly.

Effect of irrigation on NPKS uptake by T-Aman rice grain and straw

  The effects of irrigation on NPKS uptake by grain and straw of rice are presented in table 6. Insignificant variation was observed on N uptake by grain of rice when the field was irrigated with two different irrigations. Between these two irrigations, I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the grain N uptake of 0.027 kg/plot and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed the grain N uptake of 0.028 kg/plot which were almost similar. I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the P uptake by grain (0.005 kg/plot) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed the same P uptake by T-Aman rice grain (0.005 kg/plot). Between these two irrigations, I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the K uptake of grain (0.015 kg/plot) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation also showed the same amount of K uptake of grain (0.015 kg/plot). I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the S uptake of grain (0.004 kg/plot) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed the same amount of S uptake of T-Aman rice grain (0.004 kg/plot). On the other hand, in case of straw, I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the lowest N uptake of straw (0.025 kg/plot) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed the highest N uptake of straw (0.029 kg/plot). I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the P uptake of straw (0.006 kg/plot) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed the same P uptake of straw (0.006 kg/plot). I1 (Continuous flooding) showed the lowest S uptake in straw (0.005 kg/plot) and I2 (Alternate wetting and drying) irrigation showed the highest S uptake in straw (0.006 kg/plot).

Treatments	Uptake by grain (kg/plot)				Uptake by straw (kg/plot)
	N	P	K	S	N	P	K	S
I1	0.027	0.005	0.15	0.004	0.025	0.006	0.063	0.005
I2	0.028	0.005	0.15	0.004	0.029	0.006	0.094	0.006
SE (±)	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

Table 6: Effect of irrigation on NPKS uptake by T-Aman rice grain and straw. According to DMRT, figures with identical letter(s) do not differ significantly while figures with dissimilar letter(s) varied significantly.

Effects of different doses of fertilizer and manure Effects of different doses of fertilizer and manure on yield contributing characters and yield of T-Aman

  Different doses of fertilizers showed significant variations in yield contributing characters and yield of T-Aman rice (Table 7). Among the different doses of fertilizers, T₂:( 50% NPKSZn + 5 ton cowdung/ha) showed the highest number of effective tillers/hill (9.13) which was followed (8.99) by T₇: (70% NPKSZn +2.1 poultry manure/ha) treatment. On the contrary, the lowest number of effective tillers/hill (7.58) was observed with T₀ where no fertilizer was applied. Nayak., et al. [17] reported a significant increase in effective tillers/hill due to application of chemical fertilizer with organic manure. Similar results also found by Rahman., et al. [18] and Reddy., et al. [19]. Rice plants showed significant variation in respect of plant height when fertilizers of different doses were applied. Among the different fertilizer doses, T₃ (70% NPKSZn + 3 ton cowdung/ha) showed the highest plant height (119.79 cm), which was closely followed by (119.49 cm) T₇ (: 70% NPKSZn + 2.1 poultry manure/ha). On the other hand, lowest plant height (105.43 cm) was observed in the T₀ treatment where no fertilizer was applied. Almost similar plant heights were obtained where 100% recommended dose of fertilizer, 50% organic plus inorganic and 30% organic plus 70% inorganic fertilizer were applied. Plant height was significantly influenced by the application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers reported by Nayak., et al. [17]. Similar results also reported by Aga., et al. [20]. T₅ (70% chemical fertilizer + 5 ton cowdung) showed the highest panicle length (27.96 cm),on the other hand lowest panicle length (23.05 cm) was observed in the T₀ treatment where no fertilizer was applied. Rahman et al. [18] noted a significant increase in panicle length due to the application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers. Babu., et al. [21] and Reddy., et al. [22] also reported similar results. Higher number of filled grains/panicle was found in organic plus inorganic treatments compared to inorganic fertilizer alone. The highest number of filled grain per panicle (97.21) was recorded in T₃ (70% NPKSZn + 3 ton cowdung t/ha) treatment which was statistically similar to T₆ (50% NPKSZn + 3.5 ton poultry manure/ha), T₇ (70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha), T₄ (50% NPKSZn + 5 ton compost/ha) treatments. The lowest number of filled grain per panicle (71.86) was recorded in T₀ (control treatment). Among the different fertilizer doses, T₄ (50% NPKSZn + 5 ton compost/ha) showed the highest 1000 grain wt. (21.67 g) which was statistically comparable to other treatments of T₃ (70% NPKSZn + 3 ton cowdung/ha), T₆ (50% NPKSZn + 3.5 ton poultry manure/ha) and T₇ (70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha) treatments. On the other hand, the lowest 1000 grain wt. (19.583 g) was observed in the T₀ treatment where no fertilizer was applied. Significant variation was observed on the straw yield/plot of rice when different doses of fertilizer were applied. The highest yield of straw/plot (5.05 kg/plot) (10 t/ha) was recorded in T₁ (100% N₁₀₀P₁₅K₄₅S₂₀Zn₂)(Recommended dose of fertilizer) treatment which was statistically similar to T₂ (50% NPKSZn + 5 ton cowdung/ha), T₃ (70% NPKSZn + 3 ton cowdung/ha) and T₄(50% NPKSZn + 5 ton compost/ha) treatment, The lowest straw yield/plot (3.70 kg/plot) (7.40 t/ha) was recorded in the T₀ treatment where no fertilizer was applied. The straw yield increase varied from 11.4% to 38.3% and the highest level of straw yield increase was found in the T₁ (100% N₁₀₀P₁₅K₄₅S₂₀Zn₂) treatment where highest level of chemical fertilizer was used. The application of fertilizers and manure had a positive effect on the grain yield of T-Aman rice. The yield increase varied from 11.4% to 38.3% and lowest yield increase was observed in T₁ (recommended chemical fertilizer) treatment. The higher levels of % grain yield increase was observed in the integrated use of fertilizer and manure compared to chemical fertilizer alone. Among the different doses of fertilizers, T₇ (70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha) showed the highest grain yield/plot (2.56 kg/plot) which was statistically similar with all other treatments except control treatment. On the contrary, the lowest grain yield/plot (1.85 kg/plot) was observed with T₀ where no fertilizer was applied. The highest grain yield (5.12 t/ha) was recorded in T₇ (70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha) and the lowest grain yield (3.70 t/ha) was observed in control (Figure 2). The higher grain yield was found in the treatments where organic plus inorganic fertilizers were used. The yield decreased in order of T₇ (70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha) › T₆ (50% NPKSZn + 3.5 ton poultry manure/ha) › T₃ (70% NPKSZn + 3 ton cowdung/ha). Rahman et al. [18] reported the grain yield was significantly increased due to application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers. It was found that the highest grain, straw, and biological yield were obtained from the combination of vermicompost with NPKS fertilizers [23]. This was also in agreement with the findings of Miah., et al. [24] and Miah., et al. [25]. It is evident that organic manure, when used in accordance with inorganic fertilizers, stimulates plant vegetative growth and, as a result, improves rice straw yield. In china, the use of chemical fertilizer did not indicate very capable results as replace by green manure for rice cultivation [26].

Treatments	No. of effective tillers/hill	Plant height (cm)	Panicle length (cm)	1000 grain wt. (g)	Straw yield (kg/plot)	Grain yield (kg/plot)
T0	7.58 b	105.43 b	23.05	19.58 c	3.70 c	1.85 b
T1	8.00 ab	117.15 a	24.96	20.17 bc	5.05 a	2.06 ab
T2	9.13 a	118.17 a	23.47	21.17 ab	4.93 ab	2.45 a
T3	8.08 ab	119.79 a	23.86	21.08 ab	4.77 ab	2.55 a
T4	8.46 ab	117.67 a	24.30	21.67 a	4.70 ab	2.43 a
T5	7.75 ab	116.75 a	27.96	20.67 abc	4.90 ab	2.39 a
T6	7.88 ab	117.27 a	24.03	21.25 ab	4.53 b	2.55 a
T7	8.99 a	119.45 a	24.18	21.33 ab	4.97 ab	2.56 a
SE (±)	0.38	2.113	ns	0.388	0.123	0.142

Table 4: Effect of different doses of fertilizer and manure on yield contributing characters and yield of T-Aman.
According to DMRT, figures with identical letter(s) do not differ significantly while figures with dissimilar letter(s) varied significantly.

Figure 2: Effect of different doses of fertilizer and manure on grain yield (t/ha) on Transplanted-Aman rice.

Effect of different doses of fertilizer and manure on NPKS concentration of rice grain and straw

  The concentrations of NPKS in rice grain and straw showed statistically significant variation due to the application of different doses of fertilizers are presented in Table 8. The highest N concentration in grain (1.295%) was recorded from T₆ (50% NPKSZn + 3.5 ton poultry manure/ha) compared to (1.225%) by T₁ as 100% NPKSZn. On the other hand, the lowest N concentration in grain (1.073%) was found from T₀ as control treatment which was closely followed (1.085%) by T₄ as 50% NPKSZn + 5 ton compost/ha. A significant increase in N content in rice grain due to the application of organic manure and fertilizers have been reported by investigators [27,28]. The highest P concentration in grain (0.267%) was recorded from T₃ (70% NPKSZn + 3 ton cowdung/ha). On the other hand, the lowest P concentration in grain (0.175%) was found from T₀ as control treatment. The highest K concentration in grain (0.282%) was recorded from T₂ (50% NPKSZn +5 ton cowdung), T₄ (50% NPKSZn + 5 ton compost/ha), T₆ (50% NPKSZn + 3.5 ton poultry manure/ha) and in T₇ (70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha) treatments. The combined application of fertilizer and manure increased the K accumulation in rice grain. On the other hand, the lowest K concentration in grain (0.207%) was found from T₀ as control treatment. Singh., et al. [29] revealed that Potassium content in grains were increased due to combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers. The highest S concentration in grain (0.204%) was recorded from T₇ (70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha). which was closely followed by (0.196%) at T₁ (100% NPKSZn). On the other hand, the lowest S concentration in grain (0.096%) was found from T₀ as control treatment. The NKPS concentration of T-Aman rice straw significantly increased due to the application of fertilizer and manure. The higher levels of N concentrations were found in the treatments where fertilizer and manure were combinedly applied. The highest N concentration in straw (0.630%) was recorded from T₁ (100% NPKSZn) which was statistically same as (0.630%) by T₂ (50% NPKSZn + 5 ton cowdung/ha), T₆ (50% NPKSZn + 3.5 ton poultry manure/ha), T₇ (70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha) and T₃ (70% NPKSZn + 3 ton cowdung/ha) treatments. On the other hand, the lowest N concentration in straw (0.477%) was found from T₀ as control treatment. The highest P concentration in straw (0.140%) was recorded from T₂ (50% NPKSZn + 5 ton cowdung/ha). On the other hand, the lowest P concentration in straw (0.113%) was found from T₀ as control treatment. The highest K concentration in straw (1.667%) was recorded from T₇ (70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha) which was statistically similar to (1.506%) at T₄ as 50% NPKSZn + 5 ton compost/ha. Higher level of K was accumulated in combined application of organic plus inorganic fertilizer. Among the organic plus inorganic treatments, higher level of K was accumulated where compost and poultry manure were used in combination with inorganic fertilizer. On the other hand, the lowest K concentration in straw (1.282%) was found from T₀ as control treatment. The highest S concentration in straw (0.163%) was recorded from T₇ (70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha) which was statistically identical (0.138%) with T₅ as 70% NPKSZn + 3 ton compost/ha. On the other hand, the lowest S concentration in straw (0.066%) was found from T₀ as control treatment. Organic farming had slightly higher total organic C and N contents, as well as microbial biomass, than traditional farming [30]. Maharjan., et al. [30] mentioned land-management significantly affected the top soil properties that may rise the soil nutrients.

Treatments	Concentration (%) in grain				Concentration (%) in straw
	N	P	K	S	N	P	K	S
T0	1.073 c	0.175 f	0.207 b	0.096 b	0.477 c	0.113 e	1.282 c	0.066 d
T1	1.225 a	0.240 b	0.250 ab	0.196 a	0.630 a	0.129 c	1.346 bc	0.096 bcd
T2	1.190 ab	0.230 c	0.282 a	0.167 a	0.630 a	0.140 a	1.378 bc	0.133 abc
T3	1.190 ab	0.265 a	0.250 ab	0.171 a	0.560 abc	0.136 b	1.314 c	0.128 abc
T4	1.085 bc	0.232 c	0.282 a	0.167 a	0.525 bc	0.132 bc	1.506 ab	0.090 cd
T5	1.190 ab	0.225 d	0.218 b	0.181 a	0.560 abc	0.134 b	1.314 c	0.138 ab
T6	1.295 a	0.240 b	0.282 a	0.173 a	0.595 ab	0.124 d	1.378 bc	0.106 bcd
T7	1.213 a	0.217 e	0.282 a	0.204 a	0.598 ab	0.132 bc	1.667 a	0.163 a
SE (±)	0.0321	0.0070	0.0127	0.0172	0.028	0.004	0.052	0.012

Table 8: Effect of different doses of fertilizer and manure on NPKS concentration in T-Aman rice grain and straw.
According to DMRT, figures with identical letter(s) do not differ significantly while figures with dissimilar letter(s) varied significantly.

Effect of different doses of fertilizer and manure on NPKS uptake by rice grain and straw

  NPKS uptake by rice grain and straw showed statistically significant variation due to the application of different doses of fertilizers is presented in table 9. The highest N uptake by grain (0.033 kg/plot) was recorded from T₆ (50% NPKSZn + 3.5 ton poultry manure/ha) which was closely followed (0.030 kg/plot) by T₃ as 70% NPKSZn + 3 ton cowdung/ha. On the other hand, the lowest N uptake by grain (0.021 kg/plot) was found from T₀ as control treatment. Sengar., et al. [31] reported that the N uptake by rice grain and straw increased significantly with the combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers. Rahman [32]; Duhan and Singh [33] also reported similar results. The highest P uptake by grain (0.007 kg/plot) was recorded from T₃ (70% NPKSZn + 3 ton cowdung/ha) which was closely (0.006 kg/plot) followed by T₂ as 50% NPKSZn + 5 ton cowdung/ha and T₆ (50% NPKSZn + 3.5 ton poultry manure/ha). On the other hand, the lowest P uptake by grain (0.003 kg/plot) was found from T₀ as control treatment. The highest K uptake by grain (0.016 kg/plot) was recorded from T₂ (50% NPKSZn + 5 ton cowdung/ha) and T₆ (50% NPKSZn + 3.5 ton poultry manure/ha). On the other hand, the lowest K uptake by grain (0.012 kg/plot) was found from T₀ as control treatment. The highest S uptake by grain (0.005 kg/plot) was recorded from T₆ (50% NPKSZn + 3.5 ton poultry manure/ha) and T₇ (70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha). On the other hand, the lowest S uptake by grain (0.002 kg/plot) was found from T₀ as control treatment. The highest N uptake by grain (0.033 kg/plot) was recorded from T₆ (50% NPKSZn + 3.5 ton poultry manure/ha) which was closely followed (0.030 kg/plot) by T₃ as 70% NPKSZn + 3 ton cowdung/ha. On the other hand, the lowest N uptake by grain (0.021 kg/plot) was found from T₀ as control treatment. The highest P uptake by straw (0.007 kg/plot) was recorded from T₅ (70% NPKSZn + 3 ton compost/ha) which was statistically identical (0.007 kg/plot) with T₂ as 50% NPKSZn + 5 ton cowdung/ha. On the other hand, the lowest P uptake by straw (0.004 kg/plot) was found from T₀ as control treatment. The highest K uptake by straw (0.174 kg/plot) was recorded from T₁ (100% NPKSZn). On the other hand, the lowest K uptake by straw (0.047 kg/plot) was found from T₀ as control treatment. The highest S uptake by straw (0.008 kg/plot) was recorded from T₇ (70% NPKSZn + 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha). On the other hand, the lowest S uptake by straw (0.002 kg/plot) was found from T₀ as control treatment.

Treatments	Uptake by grain (kg/plot)				Uptake by straw (kg/plot)
	N	P	K	S	N	P	K	S
T0	0.021 c	0.003 c	O.012	0.002	0.022 e	0.004 b	0.047	0.002
T1	0.026 b	0.005 ab	0.015	0.004	0.030 b	0.006 a	0.174	0.005
T2	0.029 ab	0.006 ab	0.016	0.004	0.031 a	0.007 a	0.068	0.006
T3	0.030 ab	0.007 a	0.015	0.004	0.027 c	0.006 a	0.062	0.006
T4	0.026 b	0.005 ab	0.015	0.004	0.025 d	0.006 a	0.071	0.004
T5	0.029 ab	0.005 ab	0.015	0.004	0.027 c	0.007 a	0.064	0.007
T6	0.033 a	0.006 ab	0.016	0.005	0.027 c	0.006 a	0.062	0.005
T7	0.028 b	0.005 b	0.015	0.005	0.027 c	0.006 a	0.083	0.008
SE (±)	0.0016	0.004	ns	ns	0.0017	0.0002	ns	ns

Table 9: Effect of different doses of fertilizer and manure on NPKS uptake by T-Aman rice grain and straw
According to DMRT, figures with identical letter(s) do not differ significantly while figures with dissimilar letter(s) varied significantly.

Combined effects of irrigation with fertilizer and manure Combined effects of irrigation with fertilizer and manure on yield contributing characters and yield of T-Aman

  The combined effect of irrigation with different doses of fertilizer and manure on the number of effective tillers/hill of rice was insignificant (Table 10). The highest number of effective tillers/hill of rice (9.50) was recorded in I₁T₂with treatment combination and the lowest number of effective tillers/hill (7.25) was found in I₂T₀. The highest plant height (121.24 cm) was recorded in I₁T₁ treatment combination and the lowest plant height (103.96 cm) was observed in the treatment combination of I₂T₀. Significantly, the highest panicle length (32.48 cm) was recorded in I₂T₅ treatment combination whereas the lowest panicle length (23.01 cm) was observed in I₂T₀ treatment combination. The highest number of filled grain per panicle of rice (101.77) was recorded with the treatment combination I₁T₄ and the lowest number of filled grain (71.15) was found in I₂T₀ (Alternate wetting and drying with no fertilizer) treatment combination. The highest 1000 grain wt. of rice (22.50 g) was recorded with the treatment combination I₂T₄ (Alternate wetting and drying +50% NPKSZn + 5 ton compost/ha). On the other hand, the lowest 1000 grain wt. (19.33) was found in I₂T₀ (Alternate wetting and drying + control treatment) treatment combination. The combined effect of different doses of fertilizer and irrigation on the straw yield of T-Aman rice was insignificant (Table 12). The highest straw yield (5.13 kg) was recorded with the treatment combination I₁T₁ (Continuous flooding +100% N₁₀₀P₁₅K₄₅S₂₀Zn₂ (Recommended). On the other hand, the lowest straw yield (3.40 kg) was found in I₂T₀ (Alternate wetting and drying + control treatment) treatment combination. The highest grain yield of rice (2.89 kg/plot) was recorded with the treatment combination I₂T₇ (Alternate wetting and drying +70% NPKSZn + 2.1ton poultry manure/ha). On the other hand, the lowest grain yield (1.71 kg/plot) was found in I₂T₀ (Alternate wetting and drying + control treatment) treatment combination. The yield t/ha was presented in figure 3. Lin., et al. [34] reported that irrigation with organic material application increased yield of rice. In transplanted-Aman rice, the integrated usage of manure and fertilizers culminated in a 2.9-18.3 percent higher crop yield than the single fertilizer treatment [35]. According to Bilkis., et al. [35] manure and fertilizers can be used together to produce a sustainable crop yield while maintaining soil fertility. A balanced nutrient application utilizing NPK fertilization is an important management technique for increasing rice-rapeseed production while still protecting the ecosystem.

Treatments combination	No. of effective tillers/hill	Plant height (cm)	Panicle length (cm)	1000 grain wt. (g)	Straw yield (kg/plot )	Grain yield (kg/plot)
I1T0	7.92	106.89	23.10	19.83	4.00	1.99
I1T1	8.08	121.24	25.80	20.50	5.13	2.28
I1T2	9.50	118.06	23.45	21.83	4.87	2.57
I1T3	8.17	120.80	23.28	20.50	4.70	2.68
I1T4	8.42	114.47	24.57	20.83	4.53	2.21
I1T5	7.92	112.56	23.44	20.83	4.83	2.36
I1T6	7.67	120.15	24.14	21.17	4.47	2.58
I1T7	8.50	118.14	24.54	21.00	4.87	2.23
I2T0	7.25	103.96	23.01	19.33	3.40	1.71
I2T1	7.92	113.07	24.13	19.83	4.97	1.85
I2T2	8.75	118.28	23.48	20.50	5.00	2.33
I2T3	8.00	118.28	24.43	21.67	4.83	2.41
I2T4	8.50	120.88	24.03	22.50	4.87	2.65
I2T5	7.58	120.94	32.48	20.50	4.97	2.46
I2T6	8.08	114.38	23.92	21.33	4.60	2.52
I2T7	9.48	120.75	23.82	21.67	5.07	2.89
SE (±)	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

Table 10: Combine effect of irrigation with fertilizer and irrigation on yield contributing characters and yield of T-Aman.
According to DMRT, figures with identical letter(s) do not differ significantly while figures with dissimilar letter(s) varied significantly.

Combine effect of irrigation with fertilizer and irrigation on NPKS concentration of rice grain and straw

  The combined effect of different doses of fertilizer and irrigation on NPKS concentration of T-Aman rice was significant (Table 11). The highest N concentration in grain of rice (1.400%) was recorded with the treatment combinations I₂T₁and I₂T₆ which was statistically similar to I₂T₇ and I₁T₂. On the other hand, the lowest N concentration in grain of rice (0.980%) was found in I₁T₀ treatment combination. The highest P concentration in grain of rice (0.290%) was recorded with the treatment combination I₁T₃ and the lowest P concentration in grain of rice (0.173%) was found in I₁T₀ treatment combination. The highest K concentration in grain of rice (0.282%) was recorded with the treatment combination I₁T₁, I₁T₂, I₁T₃, I₁T₄, I₁T₆, I₁T₇, I₂T₂, I₂T₄, I₂T₆ and I₂T₇. On the other hand, the lowest K concentration in grain of rice (0.197%) was found in I₂T₀ treatment combination. The highest S concentration in grain of rice (0.208%) was recorded with the treatment combination I₁T₇ and the lowest S concentration in grain of rice (0.088%) was found in I₁T₀ treatment combination. The highest N concentration in T-Aman rice straw (0.700%) was recorded in I₁T₂ and I₂T₆ treatment combinations. On the other hand, the lowest N concentration in straw of rice (0.457%) was found in I₁T₀ treatment combination. The highest P concentration in straw of rice (0.156%) was recorded in I₁T₂ treatment combination which was followed (0.147) by I₁T₅ and I₁T₇ treatment combinations. Higher P was accumulated in rice straw by the application of organic plus inorganic fertilizer with continuous flooded condition, due to higher availability of P in water logged condition. The highest K concentration in straw of rice (1.859%) was recorded in I₂T₇with the treatment combination and the second highest level of K concentration (1.538) found in I₂T₄. On the other hand, the lowest K concentration in straw of rice (1.090%) was found in I₁T₀ treatment combination. The highest S concentration in straw of rice (0.165%) was recorded in I₂T₇ treatment combination which was statistically identical with I₁T₇ and I₂T₂. On the other hand, the lowest S concentration in straw of rice (0.063%) was found in I₁T₀ treatment combination which was statistically identical (0.067%) with I₁T₁ and I₂T₆ treatment combinations.

Treatments combination	Concentration (%) in grain				Concentration (%) in straw
	N	P	K	S	N	P	K	S
I1T0	0.980 d	0.173 k	0.218	0.088	0.457	0.104 h	1.090 d	0.063 d
I1T1	1.050 cd	0.270 b	0.282	0.196	0.630	0.144 b	1.282bcd	0.067 d
I1T2	1.260 ab	0.243 cd	0.282	0.175	0.700	0.156 a	1.410 bc	0.106 abcd
I1T3	1.120 bcd	0.290 a	0.282	0.150	0.490	0.134 c	1.410 bc	0.121 abcd
I1T4	1.120 bcd	0.240 de	0.282	0.138	0.490	0.145 b	1.474 bc	0.081 cd
I1T5	1.260 ab	0.237 ef	0.218	0.167	0.560	0.147 b	1.346 bcd	0.138 abc
I1T6	1.190 bc	0.247 c	0.282	0.183	0.490	0.128 d	1.346 bcd	0.144 abc
I1T7	1.153 bc	0.207 j	0.282	0.208	0.537	0.146 b	1.474 bc	0.161 ab
I2T0	1.167 bc	0.177 k	0.197	0.104	0.497	0.122 def	1.474 bc	0.069 d
I2T1	1.400 a	0.210 ij	0.218	0.196	0.630	0.114 g	1.410 bc	0.125 abcd
I2T2	1.120 bcd	0.217 h	0.282	0.158	0.560	0.124 de	1.346 bcd	0.161 ab
I2T3	1.260 ab	0.240 de	0.218	0.192	0.630	0.137 c	1.218 cd	0.136 abc
I2T4	1.050 cd	0.223 g	0.282	0.196	0.560	0.119 efg	1.538 b	0.098 bcd
I2T5	1.120 bcd	0.213 hi	0.218	0.196	0.560	0.122 def	1.282 bcd	0.138 abc
I2T6	1.400 a	0.233 f	0.282	0.163	0.700	0.121 ef	1.410 bc	0.067 d
I2T7	1.273 ab	0.227 g	0.282	0.200	0.660	0.117 fg	1.859 a	0.165 a
SE (±)	0.045	0.010	0.013	0.024	0.0402	0.0055	0.0736	0.0172

Table 11: Combine effect of irrigation with fertilizer and irrigation on NPKS concentration in T-Aman rice grain and straw.
According to DMRT, figures with identical letter(s) do not differ significantly while figures with dissimilar letter(s) varied significantly.

Combine effect of irrigation with fertilizer and irrigation on NPKS uptake by rice grain and straw

  The combined effect of different doses of fertilizer and irrigation on NPKS uptake by T-Aman rice grain and straw were insignificant (Table 12). The highest N uptake by grain (0.035 kg/plot) was recorded with the treatment combination I₂T₆. On the other hand, the lowest N uptake by grain of rice (0.021 kg/plot) was found in I₁T₀ treatment combination. The highest P uptake by grain (0.007 kg/plot) was recorded with the treatment combination I₁T₃. On the other hand, the lowest P uptake by grain of rice (0.003 kg/plot) was found in I₁T₀ treatment combination. The highest K uptake by grain (0.017 kg/plot) was recorded in I₁T₂ and at I₂T₄ treatment combinations. On the other hand, the lowest K uptake by grain of rice (0.010 kg/plot was found in I₂T₀ treatment combination. The highest S uptake by grain (0.006 kg/plot) was recorded in I₂T₇ treatment combination and the lowest S uptake by grain of rice (0.002 kg/plot) was found in I₁T₀ treatment combination. In case of straw, the highest N uptake by straw (0.034 kg/plot) was recorded in I₁T₂ treatment combination and the lowest N uptake by straw of rice (0.022 kg/plot) was found in I₂T₀, I₁T₄, I₁T₆ and I₂T₀ treatment combinations. The highest P uptake by straw (0.007 kg/plot) was recorded with the treatment combination I₁T₇ which was statistically identical (0.007 kg/plot) with I₂T₃ treatment combination and the lowest P uptake by straw of rice (0.004 kg/plot) was found in I₁T₀ and I₂T₀ treatment combinations. The highest K uptake by straw (0.094 kg/plot) was recorded with the treatment combination I₂T₇ and the lowest K uptake by straw of rice was (0.043 kg/plot) with I₁T₀ treatment combination. The highest S uptake by straw (0.008 kg/plot) was recorded in I₁T₇, I₂T₂ and I₂T₇ treatment combinations. On the other hand, the lowest S uptake by straw of rice (0.02 kg/plot) was found in I₁T₀ treatment combination.

Treatments combination	Uptake by grain (kg/plot)				Uptake by straw (kg/plot)
	N	P	K	S	N	P	K	S
I1T0	0.021	0.003 e	0.014	0.002	0.023 fg	0.004 bc	0.043	0.002
I1T1	0.023	0.006 ab	0.016	0.005	0.028 e	0.007 a	0.066	0.003
I1T2	0.032	0.006 ab	0.017	0.005	0.034 a	0.008 a	0.069	0.005
I1T3	0.030	0.007 a	0.014	0.004	0.023 fg	0.006 a	0.066	0.006
I1T4	0.025	0.005 abcde	0.013	0.003	0.022 g	0.007 a	0.067	0.004
I1T5	0.030	0.006 abc	0.016	0.003	0.027 e	0.007 a	0.065	0.007
I1T6	0.031	0.005 abcd	0.016	0.005	0.022 g	0.006 abc	0.060	0.006
I1T7	0.026	0.004 cde	0.014	0.005	0.025 f	0.007 a	0.072	0. 008
I2T0	0.022	0.003 de	0.010	0.002	0.022 g	0.004 c	0.050	0.003
I2T1	0.029	0.005 bcde	0.014	0.004	0.031 bc	0.006 abc	0.281	0.006
I2T2	0.026	0.005 bcde	0.015	0.004	0.028 de	0.006 ab	0.067	0.008
I2T3	0.030	0.006 ab	0.015	0.005	0.031 bc	0.007 a	0.059	0.006
I2T4	0.028	0.005 bcde	0.017	0.005	0.027 e	0.006 abc	0.075	0.005
I2T5	0.028	0.005 bcde	0.014	0.005	0.028 e	0.006 abc	0.064	0.007
I2T6	0.035	0.006 ab	0.016	0.004	0.032 ab	0.006 abc	0.065	0.003
I2T7	0.031	0.006 ab	0.016	0.006	0.030 cd	0.006 ab	0.094	0.008
SE (±)	0.0023	0.0005	ns	ns	0.0024	0.0003	ns	ns

Table 12: Combine effect of irrigation with fertilizer and irrigation on NPKS uptake by T-Aman rice grain and straw.
According to DMRT, figures with identical letter(s) do not differ significantly while figures with dissimilar letter(s) varied significantly.

Conclusion

  From the findings of the result of the research we can be concluded that irrigation had no significant effect on yield and yield contributing characters and alternate wetting and drying is preferable than flood irrigation. The use of inorganic fertilizer plus manure was higher than inorganic fertilizer. The application of 70% NPKSZn plus 2.1 ton poultry manure/ha and alternate wetting and drying was most favorable for improving yield contributing characters and yield of T-Aman. For recommendation, another combination of NPKS and others organic manures with different water management may be included for further study.

Acknowledgements

  The authors would like to express sincere gratitude to the department of Soil Science, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh for the logistic supports in this research.

Conflict of Interest

None.

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