Acta Scientific Agriculture (ISSN: 2581-365X)

Research ArticleVolume 5 Issue 4

Screening of Local, Improved and Hybrid Rice Genotypes Against Leaf Blast Disease (Pyricularia Oryzae) At Bangaun, Lamahi, Dang, Nepal

Surakshya Bohora1,2*, Sagar Karki1,3, Basistha Acharya4 and Suman Bohara4

1Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Dang, Nepal
2South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
3Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal
4Directorate of Agricultural Research, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Khajura, Banke, Nepal

*Corresponding Author: Surakshya Bohora, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Dang, Nepal and South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.

Received: January 21, 2021; Published: February 15, 2021

Abstract

  Rice blast disease can be prevented by spraying chemicals, by a reduction in the use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers, and by adopting biocontrol methods. The use of host resistance varieties to P. oryzae is reasonable and the most economical alternative and environmentally favorable way to control rice blast disease. The objective of this study was to assess the level of resistance on different rice genotypes at the seedling stage against blast disease in field conditions at Bangaun, Lamahi, Dang, Nepal. 

  Locally available, improved, and hybrid rice genotypes were screened at the seedling stage against rice blast disease (Pyricularia oryzae) at Bangaun, Lamahi, Dang, Nepal in the summer season.

  The experiment was conducted in a simple randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications including 52 accessions of rice for screening. Summer sown rice accessions were scored for disease on various stage of growth based on a standard scale of 0-9 developed by IRRI at 5 days intervals starting from 20 days after sowing. Rice genotypes showed resistance to highly susceptible reactions. Mean AUDPC values varied from 36.46 to 262.13. The significantly lowest AUDPC value was obtained in Sabitri (36.46) followed by Hardinath 1(39.93), Loknath 505(48.61), and Makwanpur-1(52.08) respectively. In parallel, the highest AUDPC value was recorded in Sankharika (262.13) followed by Jumlimarshi (236.09) and Taichung dhan (197.90) respectively. The lowest disease severity was observed in Sabitri (19.44%) followed by Makwanpur-1 (22.22%) and the highest was recorded in Sankharika (80.55%) followed by Jumlimarshi (69.44%). From the study, it could be concluded that the genotypes Sabitri and Hardinath 1 could be utilized for the rice blast disease management and source for resistance breeding program. These two genotypes showed a higher level of resistance against leaf blast at the seedling stage during summer in Dang and similar field conditions in Nepal.

Keywords: Rice Blast; Pyricularia oryzae; Disease Severity

Abbreviations

  a.i.: Active Ingredient; ANOVA: Analysis of Variance; AVR: Avirulence; CBS: Central Bureau of Statistics; Cm: Centimeter; CV: Coefficient of Variance; DAP: Diammonium Phosphate; DAS: Days After Sowing; DMRT: Duncan's Multiple Range Test; EC: Emulsifying Concentrate; et al. Et alii/alia; FYM: Farm Yard Manure; Ha: Hectare; HR: Highly Resistance; HS: Highly susceptible; IAAS: Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science; IRRI: International Rice Research Institute; LSD: Least Significant Difference; MAS: Marker-Assisted Selection; Mm: Millimeter; NARC: Nepal Agricultural Research Council; NPK: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potash; QTL: Qualitative Trait Loci; r: Correlation Coefficient; R2: Coefficient of Determination; R: Resistance; RCBD: Randomized Complete Block Design; S: Susceptible; USDA: United States Department of Agriculture.

Introduction

  Various biotic and abiotic factors are responsible for the yield reduction of rice. Constraints of rice production in Nepal are plant diseases, insects, nutrient deficiency, mid-season and late-season water stress, and weeds [1] among which diseases are considered as the major constraints for higher productivity [2]. In Nepal, numerous researches have established blast as a continuous and devastating threat to rice production. Blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae [3] is the most destructive and cosmopolitan disease of rice [4].

  In Nepali, the blast is locally known as “Maruwa Rog” [5]. Rice blast attacks leaf, stems, and flowers by killing plants up to tillering stage, reducing the quality of plants at maturity and yield. The disease causes complete seedling loss of susceptible rice cultivars in the dry seedbed nursery [6] and adversely affects vegetative growth and grain yield in the transplanted field [7]. Blast epidemics result in a complete loss of seedlings in the seedbed [8]. Blast disease is divided into leaf and panicle pathosystems [7]. Rice blast affects rice production in nearly all rice-growing areas and occurs in both tropical and rainfed environments of the world which are considered to be devastating with increasing nitrogenous fertilizer and higher plant density [9]. Particularly, rice blast is destructive in the temperate irrigated lowland and the tropical upland rice-growing regions due to high incidence under favorable conditions. More extended dew periods and frequent moisture stress in upland rice contribute to increasing disease incidence [4].

  Generally, about 10-20% yield reduction is recorded in susceptible varieties and it can be reached up to 80% during the critical condition [10]. Rice blast disease can be managed by using tolerant and resistant varieties, applying nitrogenous fertilizer in split doses, avoiding water-stressed plants, eliminating crop residues, and application of seed treatment and use of fungicides. Host cultivars, resistant to leaf and panicle blast, are the most widely used method of disease control [11]. Effective and efficient screening techniques are keys in a successful breeding program for blast resistance. Promising varieties should also be a regular screen to check the loss of resistance due to the evolution of the virulent pathotype of the fungus [12]. In this study, attempts have been made to assess the level of resistance on different rice genotypes at the seedling stage against blast disease in field conditions at Bangaun, Lamahi, Dang, Nepal. Screening of local, improved and hybrid rice cultivar was done to identify the durable resistance cultivar of leaf blast at seedling stage.

Materials and Methods

Experimental location

  The research was conducted in the research plot of the Agronomy farm of Prithu Technical College, IAAS, Lamahi, Municipality, Dang which is located in Lumbini province of Nepal. The experimental site was situated 410 km west of Kathmandu and 2 km south of the Mahendra highway. Geographically, it is located at 27.9904' N Latitude and 82.3018' E Longitudes at the elevation of 725 masl. This location falls in the inner-terai region of the Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal.

Figure 1: Experemental location.

Meteorological information

  The site had a monsoon type climate and more than 75% of rainfall occurred during four months of the monsoon period (June - September). The maximum rainfall was recorded during the 1st week of July, lowest on the 3rd week of July, and no rainfall on the 2nd week of September. Similarly, temperature max was observed in July 1st week and min on 3rd week of June throughout the experimental period.

Experimental design

  The experiment was conducted in a simple randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications with 52 accessions of rice for screening. For screening of rice genotypes, field layout was done. To create a blast congenial environment, the screening nursery was designed as per international specifications as described by [13] which include three types of plots. For this purpose, three types of the plot were maintained as Windbreak plot, Inoculums plot, and the test plot. The total plot size was laid 200 m2 and individual plot size of 500 m2, test plot and inoculums plot having 17.5*1.25 m2 area. The distance between the windbreak plot and inoculums plot was 50 cm while between the two test plots were 30 cm.

Windbreak plot

  Around the main plot dhaincha (Sesbania aculeate) was planted in a plot size of 1.25 m width and 20 m length for 30 days before seeding of first two lines of inoculums row to maintain higher humidity in the test blocks, to help conidial depositions, and to provide a conducive environment for blast development and also to minimize the inter plot interferences by breaking speed of the wind. 

Inoculums plot

  Inoculums plot was on both sides of the test plot having the size of 17.5*1.25 m. The plot was planted with a mixture of blast susceptible variety i.e. Sankharika, Mansuli and Jumli marshi on five different dates at one-week intervals. Two rows in each inoculum plot were seeded continuously at 10 cm apart along the length of the test plot with the susceptible mixture at a time.

Test plot

  The two test plots were accommodated between inoculums plots and each plot was 1.25 m wide and 17.5 meters long with a spacing of 30 cm between the plots. Plots were raised 20 cm above the ground level to create the upland condition. Test entries were surrounded by three border rows of Sankharika alongside the windbreak plot, two rows at the side of the test plot, three rows at the beginning, and three rows at the end of the test plots.

Figure 2: Field layout

Plant materials

  A total of 52 rice genotypes including checks (resistant and susceptible) were sown (Table 1). Susceptible and resistant checks were sown after every 10 test entries to check uniformity of infection. The cultivar Mansuli and Sankharika were taken as susceptible check and Sabitri as a resistant check in the field. The mixtures of several susceptible cultivars (Mansuli, Sankharika, and Jumli marshi) were planted in inoculum plot and also as spreader rows on both sides of the test entries to ensure the presence of inoculum consisting of diverse races of the blast pathogen. The spreader row was used to trap the inoculum from the inoculum plot to spread the disease to the test plot therefore allowing the natural dispersal of pathogen in the test lines from the inoculum plot.

Treatments Genotypes Group

T1

Joongay dhan

Local

T2

Anadi dhan

Local

T3

Majhakote dhan

Local

T4

Dalle dhan

Local

T5

Jethobudo dhan

Local

T6

Ekle dhan

Local

T7

Kalo jhiniya

Local

T8

Macchapalan

Local

T9

Tilki dhan

Local

T10

Mota dhan

Local

T11

Chote dhan

Local

T12

Kathe jhinuwa

Local

T13

Pokhreli dhan

Local

T14

Sona mansuli

Local

T15

Local Mansuli

Local

T16

Jumlimarshi

Local

T17

Sankharika

Local

T18

Jarneli dhan

Improved

T19

Hansharaj

Improved

T20

Makwanpure B.G

Improved

T21

Sawa sub-1

Improved

T22

Khumal-4

Improved

T23

Taichung dhan

Improved

T24

HUA 565

Improved

T25

IR-09-F434

Improved

T26

IR 87615-4-3-1-3

Improved

T27

Sabitri

Improved

T28

IR-87754-42-2-2

Improved

T29

Tox322-6-5-2-2-2-2

Improved

T30

Basmati

Improved

T31

Sukha-1

Improved

T32

Sukha-2

Improved

T33

Sukha-3

Improved

T34

Sukha-4

Improved

T35

Sukha-5

Improved

T36

Radha 4

Improved

T37

Radha 11

Improved

T38

Ghaiya 1

Improved

T39

Hardinath 1

Improved

T40

Makwanpur-1

Improved

T41

Swarna sub-1

Improved

T42

Masuli

Improved

T43

Hardinath-2

Improved

T44

Black rice

Improved

T45

Ram dhan

Improved

T46

Ceherang sub-1

Improved

T47

Sukha-6

Improved

T48

Champion

Hybrid

T49

US 312

Hybrid

T50

Taragold 1112

Hybrid

T51

Aakash

Hybrid

T52

Loknath 505

Hybrid

Sabitri

Resistance check

Sankharika

Jumlimarshi

Susceptible check

Susceptible check

Table 1: Genotypes details used in the research.

Cultural practices

  The field was plowed 1-month before sowing. All the weeds and debris were cleaned and well-decomposed FYM @10 t/ha was mixed into soil two weeks before dhaincha sowing. The bed was raised 15 cm and the soil was well pulverized and leveled. Chemical fertilizers were applied @120:40:0 kg NPK/ha through urea and diammonium phosphate respectively. A heavy dose of nitrogen and no potash was used to ensure adequate infection. Half dose of nitrogen and a full dose of phosphorus was applied as a basal dose at the time of final land preparation and the remaining half nitrogen was applied at two split doses: one fourth at 15 days after sowing (DAS) and the remaining one fourth at 25 DAS.

Disease scoring and data collection

  The disease data were recorded from plants/plot based on a 1-9 scoring scale [14]. Plants were randomly selected from the row of each replication and scoring was recorded from a 1-9 scoring scale based on symptoms observed as shown in Figure 3. The scoring was recorded five times at five days intervals. AUDPC value and disease severity were recorded for determining disease infestation.

Scale Description Host Behavior

0

No lesion

Highly resistance

1

Small brown specks of pinhead size

Resistance

2

Small roundish to slightly elongated, necrotic gray spots, about 1-2mm in diameter, with a distinct round margin. Lesions are mostly found in lower leaves.

Moderately resistance

3

Small, roundish to slightly elongated, necrotic grey spots about 1-2 mm in diameter with brown margin, but significant mostly in the upper leaves.

Moderately resistance

4

Typical susceptible blast lesions, 3mm or longer infecting less than 4% of leaf area

Moderately susceptible

5

Typical blast lesions of 3mm or longer infecting less than 4-10% of the leaf area

Moderately susceptible

6

Typical blast lesions of 3mm or longer infecting 11-25% of the leaf area

Susceptible

7

Typical blast lesions of 3 mm or longer infecting 26-50% of the leaf area

Susceptible

8

Typical blast lesions of 3 infecting less than 51-75% of the leaf area and many leaves dead

Highly susceptible

9

Typical susceptible blast lesion of 3 mm or longer infecting more than 75% of leaf area.

Highly susceptible

Table 2: Disease scoring scale according to a standard scale developed by IRRI (1996).

Figure 3: Disease scoring chart from the scale of 0 to 9.
Source: (Acharya., et al).

  As shown in the disease scoring chart, the score 0 was considered as highly resistant reaction whereas 1 was resistant, 2-5 moderately resistant, 6-7 as susceptible, and 8-9 were considered highly susceptible. Based on the scored value from the estimation of the leaf area infection the severity % was calculated per plot by using the following formula:

  The effect of disease severity on rice variety was integrated into the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for the quantitative measure of epidemic development, disease severity, and rate of progress which has no unit. AUDPC values were computed, from leaf blast severity (Das., et al. 1992).

Where,
xi= leaf blast disease severity on ith date
ti= date from sowing up to date of disease score
n= number of dates on which disease was recorded.

The genotypes were categorized into five categories based on the AUDPC.

Mean AUDPC Category Symbol

>180

Highly susceptible

HS

170-180

Susceptible

S

140-170

Moderately susceptible

MS

70-140

Moderately resistant

MR

0-70

Resistant

R




Table 3: Resistant and susceptible categories of genotypes based on mean AUDPC value.

Disease severity % Category Symbol

0-20

Resistance

R

20-40

Moderately Resistance

MR

40-60

Moderately susceptible

MS

60-80

Susceptible

S

Table 4: Resistance and susceptible categories of genotypes based on Disease severity %.

Statistical analysis

  The recorded data were tabulated in an excel datasheet and subjected to analysis by using the reference of Gomez and Gomez [15]. The treatment were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The data were processed to fit into R-studio and analysis was conducted using R 3.4.1 (R Core Team, 2017) and the Agricola version 1.1-8 package (Mendiburu, 2014). Based on the ANOVA result, Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) was performed to compare the genotypes. All the figures and graphs were prepared by using Ms-excel.

Figure 4: Graphical representation of disease severity scoring at Bangaun, Dang, Nepal.

Figure 5: Graphical representation of mean AUDPC at different dates of scoring at Bangaun, Dang, Nepal.

Results

Disease severity

  Mean severity% value laid between 19.44 % - 80.55%. 2 genotypes viz. Sabitri and Hardinath were found most resistant to disease severity. Similarly, 16 genotypes Makwanpur-1, Loknath 505, Aakash, Radha-4, Sukha-5, IR-87754-42-2-2, US 312, IR-09F434, Radha-11, Champion, Sukha-3, Sukha-1, Sukha-4, TOX322-6-5-2-2-2-2, Sukha-2 and Basmati were moderately resistant. Similarly, 29 genotypes viz Masuli, Ram dhan, Sona mansuli, Local mansuli, Basmati, HUA 565, Swarna sub-1 followed by varieties (Table 5) were moderately susceptible. Five genotypes viz Hansaraj, Black rice, Taichung dhan, Jumlimarsi, and Sankharika were susceptible.

The area under disease progressive curve (AUDPC)

  The rice genotypes varied significantly in mean AUDPC values at 20, 25, 30, 35, and 45 days after sowing (DAS). The AUDPC values increased with time in most of all the genotypes. The mean AUDPC value ranged from 36.46 to 262.13 among the genotypes. Based on the mean AUDPC value, rice genotypes were listed on the five categories from resistance to highly susceptible (Table 3). The variety with less AUDPC was categorized as most resistant while with highest AUDPC was most susceptible. Of the total 52 rice genotypes screened in a nursery, based on AUDPC value none of the genotypes was immune or highly resistant to the disease. However, 8 genotypes viz. Sabitri, Hardinath 1, Loknath 505, Makwanpur-1, Aakash, Sukha 5, US 312, Radha-4 were found resistant. Similarly, 12 genotypes viz Sukha-1, Sukha-3, IR-87754-42-2-2, IR09F434, Champion followed by varieties (Table 6) were moderately resistant. Similarly, 24 genotypes viz Local Mansuli, Masuli, Black rice, Ram dhan, Khumal-4, Jernali dhan followed by varieties (Table 6) were moderately susceptible to leaf blast and 5 genotypes viz. Jarneli dhan, Ekle dhan, Jethobudo dhan, Hansaraj, Sawa sub-1 were susceptible and 3 genotypes viz. Sankharika, Jumli marshi, and Taichung were highly susceptible to leaf blast.

Genotypes Disease severity (%) Reaction

Sankharika

80.55a

HS

Jumlimarsi

69.44b

S

Taichung dhan

63.88bc

S

Black rice

61.11bcd

S

Hansaraj

61.11bcd

S

Ceherang sub -1

58.33cde

MS

IR87615-4-3-1-3

58.33cde

MS

Jarneli dhan

58.33cde

MS

Ram dhan

58.33cde

MS

Sukha-6

58.33cde

MS

Ekle dhan

55.55cdef

MS

Ghaiya 1

55.55cdef

MS

Majhakote dhan

55.55cdef

MS

Masuli

55.55cdef

MS

Sawa sub-1

55.55cdef

MS

Anadi dhan

52.77defg

MS

Jethobudo dhan

52.77defg

MS

Dalle dhan

50.00efg

MS

Kalo jhiniya

50.00efgh

MS

Khumal-4

50.00efgh

MS

Local mansuli

50.00efgh

MS

Mota dhan

50.00efgh

MS

Joongay dhan

47.22fghi

MS

Macchapalan

47.22fghi

MS

Makwanpure B.G dhan

47.22fghi

MS

Sona mansuli

47.22fghi

MS

Tara gold 1112

47.22fghi

MS

Tilki dhan

47.22fghi

MS

Chote dhan

47.21fghi

MS

Kathe jhinuwa

47.21fghi

MS

Pokhreli dhan

44.44ghij

MS

Swarna sub-1

44.44ghij

MS

Hardinath-2

41.66hijk

MS

HUA 565

41.66hijk

MS

Basmati

38.89ijkl

MR

Sukha-2

36.11jklm

MR

Sukha-4

36.11jklm

MR

TOX322-6-5-2-2-2-2

34.33lkmn

MR

Sukha-1

33.33klmn

MR

Sukha-3

33.33klmn

MR

Champion

33.33klmn

MR

Radha-11

33.33klmn

MR

IR-09F434

30.55lmno

MR

US 312

30.55lmno

MR

IR-87754-42-2-2

27.78mnop

MR

Sukha-5

27.78mnop

MR

Radha-4

25.00mnop

MR

Aakash

22.22nop

MR

Loknath 505

22.22op

MR

Makwanpur-1

22.22op

MR

Hardinath 1

19.44p

R

Sabitri

19.44p

R

CV

15.79


Mean

44.93


LSD

9.91


P value

<2e-16***


SE

3.54

Table 5: Resistant and susceptible categories of 52 rice genotypes based on disease severity % of Pyricularia oryzae at Bangaun, Lamahi, Dang.
CV= Coefficient of variation, LSD= Least Significant Difference*** Highly Significant at 5% level

Genotypes Mean AUDPC Reaction

Sankharika

262.13a

HS

Jumlimarsi

236.09a

HS

Taichung dhan

197.90b

HS

Sawa sub-1

178.80bc

S

Hansaraj

177.07bcd

S

Jethobudo dhan

177.07bcd

S

Ekle dhan

175.33bcde

S

Jarneli dhan

175.33bcde

S

Ceherang sub -1

164.92cdef

MS

Khumal-4

164.92cdef

MS

Makwanpure B.G dhan

161.45cdef

MS

Anadi dhan

161.44cdefg

MS

Masuli

161.44cdefg

MS

Macchapalan

159.71cdefg

MS

Sukha-6

159.71cdefg

MS

Ram dhan

159.71cdefgh

MS

Majhakote dhan

157.97cdefgh

MS

Black rice

157.97cdefgh

MS

TOX322-6-5-2-2-2-2

156.86cdefgh

MS

Mota dhan

156.2cdefgh

MS

Sona mansuli

154.50cdefgh

MS

IR87615-4-3-1-3

154.50cdefgh

MS

Kalo jhiniya

154.50cdefgh

MS

Dalle dhan

152.76cdefgh

MS

Joongay dhan

152.76cdefgh

MS

Local mansuli

152.76cdefgh

MS

Tara gold 1112

149.29defgh

MS

Ghaiya 1

149.29defgh

MS

Chote dhan

147.55efghi

MS

Kathe jhinuwa

147.55efghi

MS

Tilki dhan

145.82fghij

MS

Pokhreli dhan

145.82fghij

MS

Hardinath-2

140.61fghij

MR

Swarna sub-1

138.88fghij

MR

Basmati

135.40ghij

MR

Sukha-2

133.67ghij

MR

HUA 565

130.20hij

MR

Sukha-4

119.78ij

MR

Radha-11

118.05jk

MR

Champion

90.27kl

MR

IR-09F434

88.54l

MR

IR-87754-42-2-2

83.33lm

MR

Sukha-3

79.85lmn

MR

Sukha-1

72.91lmno

MR

Radha-4

64.23lmnop

R

US 312

64.23mnop

R

Sukha-5

59.02mnop

R

Aakash

55.55mnop

R

Makwanpur-1

52.08nop

R

Loknath 505

48.61op

R

Hardinath 1

39.93p

R

Sabitri

36.46p

R

Cv%

14.71

Mean

135.71

LSD

27.91

P value

<2e-16***

SE

9.99

Table 6: Resistant and susceptible categories of rice genotypes based on mean AUDPC of Pyricularia oryzae at Bangaun, Lamahi, Dang during.
AUDPC; Area under disease progress curve, CV= Coefficient of variation, LSD= Least Significant Difference ***Highly Significant at 5% level.

Discussion

  The adverse environmental condition as low rainfall and relative humidity at early stage check disease development while optimum rain and sufficient humidity at late growth stages cause higher disease infection. Sankharika, Taichung -176, and Pusa basmati were most susceptible, and Radha-4 and Sabitri were most resistant. A similar result was also found as Taichung-176 for mid-hills and Sankharika for terai to be most susceptible and Sabitri to be the most resistant variety [9]. Similarly [8], also found that Sabitri and Radha varieties were resistant to blast pathogen whereas Taichung-176, Pusa basmati, and Sankharika were categorized as the most susceptible varieties. Similarly [9], again found Masuli_MT4 lines as most susceptible to both leaf and neck blasts. The lowest disease severity % was observed in Sabitri whereas Sankarika showed the highest disease severity % during all days of disease observation. Different genotypes showed different levels of blast resistance. The area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) differed along with rice lines and varied level of yield was reported in different rice genotypes [16]. The temperature changes had significant effects on blast development but no simple effect on AUDPC [17]. Thus, the variation in an environmental condition also changed the disease reaction.

Summary and Conclusion

  Series of experiments were undertaken for the management of the above-mentioned disease under field conditions at Bangaun, Lamahi, Dang, Nepal. While comparing 52 rice genotypes of rice in Randomized Complete Block Design under field condition in seedling stage to identify the resistance and susceptible variety among different rice genotypes we found a high level of host resistance among the genotypes. Disease severity varied according to rice lines. The genotypes used were highly significant in AUDPC and leaf blast severity. From this experiment, we could conclude that the genotypes Sabitri and Hardinath 1 could be utilized as a source of resistance for the breeding of rice for leaf blast disease resistance. The genotypes have a higher level of resistance against rice leaf blast at the seedling stage during summer in Dang and similar field conditions in Nepal.

Bibliography

  1. Kataki PK., et al. “The Rice-Wheat Cropping System of South Asia”. Journal of Crop Production2 (2001): 1-26.
  2. Asghar Ayesha., et al. “Improvement of Basmati Rice against Fungal Infection through Gene Transfer Technology”. Pakistan Journal of Botany4 (2007): 1277-1283.
  3. Couch Brett C and Linda M Kohn. “A Multilocus Gene Genealogy Concordant with Host Preference Indicates Segregation of a New Species, Magnaporthe Oryzae, from M. Grisea”. Mycologia4 (2002): 683-693.
  4. Ou SH. "Rice disease". Second edition. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International Mycological Institute, Farham House, United Kingdom. 380 (1985).
  5. Acharya Basistha., et al. “Screening of Local, Improved and Hybrid Rice Genotypes against Leaf Blast Disease (Pyricularia Oryzae) at Banke District, Nepal”. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources1 (2019): 36-52.
  6. Chaudhary B P., et al. "Neck blast resistant lines of Radha-17 isolated". International Rice Research Notes1 (1994): 11.
  7. Teng P S., et al. "An analysis of the blast pathosystem to guide modeling and forecasting". In: Rice blast modeling and forecasting. International Rice Research Institute, PO Box 933,1099. Manilia, Philippines. (1991): 1-30.
  8. Manandhar H K., et al. "Efficacy of various fungicides on the control of rice blast disease". Journal of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences 6 (1985): 21-29.
  9. Sabin Khanal and Subedi Bijay. “Screening of Different Rice Genotypes against (Pyricularia Grisea) Sacc. in Natural Epidemic Condition at Seedling Stage in Chitwan, Nepal”. Advances in Crop Science and Technology4 (2016).
  10. Manandhar H K., et al." Seed-borne diseases. In: Plant diseases, seed production and seed health testing in Nepal" (S. B., Mathur, P., Amatya, K., Shrestha, and H. K., Manandhar). Danish Government, Institute of Seed Pathology for Developing Countries, Copenhagen, Denmark (1992): 59-74.
  11. Bonman J M. “Durable Resistance to Rice Blast Disease-Environmental Influences”. Euphytica1-2 (1992): 115-123.
  12. Sharma S. "Response of rice and finger millet genotype against major diseases". Lumle Agriculture Research Centre working papers no 96/54 (1995).
  13. Manandhar H K. "Seed treatment against rice leaf blast". Nepalese Journal of Agriculture189 (1984).
  14. "Standard Evaluation System for Rice. International Rice Research Institute". Los Banos: International Rice Research Institute (1986).
  15. Gomez K A and A A Gomez. "Statistical procedures for agricultural research (2nd edition)". A Wiley -Interscience Publication, New York, USA (1984): 655.
  16. Puri K D., et al. “Reaction of Different Rice Lines Against Leaf and Neck Blast Under” (2006): 37-44.
  17. Luo Y., et al. “Simulation Studies on Risk Analysis of Rice Leaf Blast Epidemics Associated with Global Climate Change in Several Asian Countries”. Journal of Biogeography4-5 (1995): 673-678.

×

Citation

Citation: Surakshya Bohora., et al. “Screening of Local, Improved and Hybrid Rice Genotypes Against Leaf Blast Disease (Pyricularia Oryzae) At Bangaun, Lamahi, Dang, Nepal".Acta Scientific Agriculture 5.4 (2021): 03-11.




Metrics

Acceptance rate32%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days
Impact Factor1.014

Indexed In




News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is December 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"

Contact US





//