Abstract

  Taxonomically, genus Alternaria comes under Deuteromycetes phylum which includes different saprophytic and endophytic species. It is famous due to its notoriously destructive pathogens. It majorly affects various plant families e.g. Cucurbitaceae, Cruciferaceae and Solanaceae which are agriculturally important crops possess high nutritional and economical values. The crops suffer from various bacterial, viral, fungal and nematode diseases. Among the above mentioned diseases, early leaf spot disease caused by pathogen Alternaria solani is one of the most devastating diseases resulting in loss upto 78%. Most of the species of Alternaria lacking in teleomorphic stage whereas few species have teleomorphs in their disease cycle. Alternaria being necrotrophic it leads to severe damage to plant and its produce. Besides the involvement of toxins in pathogenesis or invasion, few genes or gene products also have major effect on pathogenicity. In the present review, we described in detail about efficiency of plant and herbal extract, bio control agents, cow by products and fungicides against A. solani, that not only effective in managing the disease but also economic and ecofriendly.

Keywords: Alternaria; Crop Pathology; Disease Management; Biological Control Agents

References

1. Alhussaen KM. “Morphological and physiological characterization of Alternaria solani isolated from tomato in Jordan Valley”. Research Journal of Biological Sciences 7 (2012): 316-319.
2. Anamika Sobita S. “Inhibitory effect of botanical extracts against Alternaria alternata of aloe vera dry rot”. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 15 (2014): 1462-1466.
3. “Report on state domestic product of Rajasthan state”. Directorate of Horticulture Board. Government of Rajasthan (2017).
4. “The 1^st Advance estimates of production of major crops of India”. Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare. Government of India (2019).
5. Bashi E and Rotem J. “Adaptation of four pathogens to semi-arid habitats as conditioned by penetration rate and germinating spore survival”. Phytopathology 64 (1974): 1035-1039.
6. Basu P K. “Existence of chlamydospores of Alternaria porri sp. solani as overwintering propagules in soil”. Phytopathology 61 (1971): 1347-1350.
7. Bose TK and Som MG. “Vegetable Crops in India”. Nayaprakash Publishing, Calcutta (1986): 773.
8. Ching HW., et al. “Effect of oriental medicinal plant extracts on spore germination of Alternaria brassicicola and nature of inhibitory substances from speed weed”. Plant Disease 12 (2007): 1621-1624.
9. Choulwar AB., et al. “Efficacy of fungitoxicants on the mycelial growth of solani”. Pestology 13 (1989): 17-19.
10. Dalpati NNS., et al. “Efficacy of some bioagents and botanicals against Alternaria macrospora causing leaf spot of cotton”. Journal of Plant Disease Sciences 1 (2010): 95.
11. Datar VV and Mayee CD. “Assessment of loss in tomato yield due to early Blight”. Indian Phytopathology 34 (1981): 191-195.
12. Deshmukh SS., et al. “Antifungal activity of cow urine”. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 5 (2012): 27-30.
13. Ellis MB. “Alternaria brassicae”. In: Descriptions of pathogenic fungi and bacteria (No. 162), Commonwealth Mycological Institute (CMI), Kew, Surrey, England (1968).
14. Folsom D and Bonde R. “Alternaria solani as a cause of tuber rot in potatoes”. Phytopathology 15 (1925): 282-289.
15. Gajbhiye SP., et al. “Antimicrobial Activities (Antibacterial and Antifungal) effect of Panchagavya alone prepared by fermentation method”. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 7 (2018): 1336-1349.
16. Harrison MD and Venette JR. “Control of potato early blight and its effect on potato yield”. American Potato Journal 47 (1970): 81-86.
17. Hassanein NM., et al. “Control of tomato early blight and wilt using aqueous extract of neem leaves”. Phytopathologia Mediterranea. 49 (2010): 143-151.
18. Jambhulkar PP., et al. “Altering conidial dispersal of Alternaria solani by modifying microclimate in tomato crop canopy”. Plant Pathology Journal 6 (2016): 508-518.
19. Jandaik S., et al. “Efficacy of cow urine as plant growth enhance and antifungal agent”. Advances in Agriculture (2015).
20. Jharia HK., et al. “Efficacy of fungicides in the control of fungal diseases of chillies”. Indian Phytopathology 39 (1977): 341-343.
21. Jones JB., et al. “Compendium of tomato diseases, St. Paul”. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA (1993): 28-29.
22. Katiyar A., et al. “Sources of resistance in bottle gourd to Alternaria leaf spot”. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences1 (2001): 155-157.
23. Khoso AW. “Growing vegetable in Sindh”. 2^nd Edition Allied Printing Corporation, Hyderabad (1991):136.
24. Koley S., et al. “In vitro efficacy of bio control agents and botanicals on the growth inhibition of Alternaria solani causing early leaf blight of tomato”. International Journal of Bio-Resource, Environment and Agricultural Sciences3 (2015): 114-118.
25. Kumar A., et al. “Efficacy of Newly Fungicides on Early Blight of Potato under In vivo and In vitro conditions”. International Journal of Current Microbiological and Applied Science 7 (2018): 16-22.
26. Kumar V., et al. “Evaluation of different fungicides against Alternaria leaf blight of tomato (Alternaria solani)”. International Journal of Current Microbiological and Applied Science5 (2017): 2343-2350.
27. Locke SB. “Resistance to early blight and septoria leaf spot in the genus Lycopersicon”. Phytopathology 39 (1949): 829-836.
28. Lockwood JL. “Lysis of mycelium of plant-pathogenic fungi in natural soil”. Phytopathology 50 (1960): 787-789.
29. Mamgain A., et al. “Alternaria pathogenicity and its strategic control”. Research Journal Biology 1 (2013): 01-09.
30. Matharu BK., et al. “Synthesis and antifungal potential of 2-chlorobenzal derivatives”. Pesticide Research Journal2 (2006): 113-115.
31. Mathur K and Shekhawat KS. “Fruit rot of watermelon”. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 22 (1992): 80.
32. Mathur K and Shekhawat KS. “Chemical control of early blight in Kharif sown tomato”. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 16 (1986): 235-238.
33. Mayee CD and Datar VV. “Phytopathometry Technical Bulletin”. Marathwad Agril. Uni., Parabhani (1986): 25.
34. Neergaard P. “Danish species of Alternaria and Stemphylium”. Taxonomy, parasitism, economic significance. Einar Munksgaard, Copenhagen (1945).
35. Nene YL., et al. “Disease and insect pest management practices in ancient and medieval India”. Agricultural Heritage of India (Proceeding of National Conference on Agriculture Heritage India) held (2002).
36. Noor A. “Cow urine, butter milk and cow dung in the management of insect pest of chilli and seed spices. National Seminar on Cow in Agriculture and human health”. A.R.S., Kota, Asian agri History Foundation (Rajasthan Chapter), India (2003).
37. Pati PK., et al. “Studies on leaf spot disease of Withania somnifera and its impact on secondary metabolites”. Indian Journal of Microbiology 48 (2008): 432-437.
38. Patni CS., et al. “Efficacy of botanicals against Alternaria blight (Alternaria brassicae) of mustard”. Indian Phytopathology4 (2005): 426-430.
39. Rands RD. “Early blight of potato and related plants”. Wisconsin Agricultural Experimental Station Research Bulletin 42 (1917a): 1-48.
40. Rands RD. “Early blight of tomato and related plants”. Wisconsin Agricultural Experimental Station Research Bulletin 42 (1917): 1-48.
41. Ravikumar MC and Garampalli RH. “Antifungal activity of plants extract against Alternaria solani, the causal agent of early blight of tomato”. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection16 (2013): 1897-1903.
42. Rotem J. “The genus Alternaria: biology, epidemiology and pathogenicity”. APS Press, St Paul, Minnesota (1994).
43. Sahni ML and Singh RP. “Bioassay of tetramethylthiuram-disulphide fungicide”. Indian Phytopathology 20 (1967): 71-73.
44. Sharma A., et al. “Antifungal effect of neem extract on some common phytopathogenic fungi”. Advances in Plant Sciences2 (2007): 357-358.
45. Sharma R., et al. “Impact of cow urine and composted cow dung on the incidence of seed borne phytopathogenic fungi”. International Journal of Plant Sciences2 (2010): 579-581.
46. Sheikh RA and Agnihotri JP. “Antifungal properties of some plant extracts”. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 2 (1972): 143-146.
47. Singh A and Singh D. “Efficacy of fungicides against Alternaria leaf spot of cabbage”. Crop Research1 (2002): 192-193.
48. Singh K and Rai M. “Evaluation of chemicals against Alternaria leaf spot of brinjal”. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences2 (2003): 394-395.
49. Singh M., et al. “Efficacy of different fungicides for control of early blight of potato caused by Alternaria solani”. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences1 (1997): 114-115.
50. Singh NK., et al. “Management of Alternaria leaf spot disease of tomato”. Indian Phytopathology 54 (2001): 508.
51. Sinha PP and Prasad RK. “Chemical management of Alternaria blight of cauliflower seed crop”. Indian Journal of Mycology Plant Pathology 19 (1989): 204-205.
52. Sudarshana VR., et al. “Efficacy of fungicides and botanicals against early blight of tomato”. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences1 (2012): 245-246.
53. Sujatha Bai E., et al. “Alternaria fruit rot disease of chilli- a serious malady in Tamilnadu”. Indian Phytopathology 46 (1993): 338.
54. Thomas CE., et al. “Inheritance of resistance to Alternaria cucumerina in Cucumis melo line MR-1”. Plant Disease 74 (1990): 868-870.
55. Thomma BPHJ. “Alternaria from general saprophyte to specific parasite”. Molecular Plant Pathology 4 (2003): 225-236.
56. Verma N and Verma S. “Alternaria diseases of vegetable crops and new approaches for its control”. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences 3 (2010): 681-692.
57. Walker JC. “Diseases of crucifers”. In: Diseases of vegetable crops, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, USA (1952): 150-152.
58. Zafar H., et al. “Antagonistic activity of cultural filtrates of five Trichoderma species against pathogenic fungus Alternaria solani”. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 4 (2013): 547-551.

Citation

Citation: Surbhi Garg., et al. “Alternaria Blight of Tomato: A Review of Disease and Pathogen Management Approaches". Acta Scientific Agriculture 4.11 (2020): 08-15.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Surbhi Garg., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.