Abstract

  The antagonistic impact of pesticides on humans just as on other fauna has been surveyed and reported from various parts of the world. The exponentially growing human populace and its food requirements have prompted farmers to favour high yielding monocrops. The financial loss caused by pests has been compensated by the use of chemical pesticides by farmers; however, this causes a long-lasting adverse impact on various life forms and natural environment. Kashmir is an ecologically sensitive and biologically diverse place with its colossal floral and faunal diversity will have comparatively or much severe impact by the utilization of chemical pesticides. Most of the cultivated land in Kashmir is being utilized for different types of horticultural and agricultural practices that provide a livelihood for the growing population. The impact of widespread usage of chemical pesticides has made enormous effect on human health and has turned into a serious issue across the globe. The present study aims to make an assessment of the impact of chemical pesticides on human health in the Kashmir valley. These results will be utilized for creating awareness among farmers and the general public and to recommend the usage of biological control and biopesticides for safeguarding human life as well as conservation of biodiversity.

Keywords: Chemical Pesticides; Toxicity; Cancer; Farmers; Agriculture; Kashmir

References

1. Alavanja MC., et al. “Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure: cancer and neurotoxicity”. Annual Review of Public Health 25 (2004): 155-197.
2. Baba SH., et al. “Marketed surplus and price spread of vegetables in Kashmir valley”. Agricultural Economics Research Review 23 (2010): 115-128.
3. Bhat AR., et al. “Pesticides and brain cancer linked in orchard farmers of Kashmir”. Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology 31.4 (2010): 110-112. 
4. Bjørling-Poulsen M., et al. “Potential developmental neurotoxicity of pesticides used in Europe”. Environmental Health 7.1 (2008): 50.
5. Bourguet D and Guillemaud T. “The hidden and external costs of pesticide use”. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. 1st ed. Springer, Cham (2016): 35-120.
6. Brown SK., et al. “Occupational illnesses from cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides among agricultural applicators in California, 1982–1985”. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 44.1 (1989): 34-39.
7. Cai DW. “Understand the role of chemical pesticides and prevent misuses of pesticides”. Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology 1 (2008): 36-38.
8. Carson R. “Silent spring”. 1st ed. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (1962).
9. Dahab AA., et al. “Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Pesticide Use in Agriculture”. Pesticides. 1st ed. Avid Science Telangana, India (2017): 1-16. 
10. Damalas CA and Koutroubas SD. “Farmers’ Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention”. Toxics 4 (2016): 1-10. 
11. Dawson AH., et al. “Acute human lethal toxicity of agricultural pesticides: a prospective cohort study”. PLoS medicine 7 (2010): e1000357.
12. Devi PI., et al. “Pesticide consumption in India: a spatiotemporal analysis”. Agricultural Economics Research Review 30.1 (2017): 163-172.
13. Dhar A., et al. “Analysis of brain tumors in Kashmir Valley-A 10-year study”. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 13.3 (2014): 268-273.
14. Eddleston M., et al. “Pesticide poisoning in the developing world—a minimum pesticides list”. The Lancet 360.9340 (2002): 1163-1167.
15. European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (EFSA and ECDC). “The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food‐borne outbreaks in 2017”. EFSA Journal 16.12 (2018): e05500.
16. Fedorov LA and I︠A︡blokov AV. “Pesticides: The Chemical Weapon that Kills Life: the USSR's Tragic Experience”. Pensoft Pub (2004).
17. Germany P. “Pesticides and health hazards facts and figures”. Pestizide und Gesundheitsgefahren: Daten und Fakten, Bochum (2012).
18. Gunnell D., et al. “The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: systematic review”. BMC Public Health 7.1 (2007): 357.
19. Gupta PK. “Pesticide exposure—Indian scene”. Toxicology 198 (2004): 83-90.
20. Hangloo RL. “Agricultural Technology in Kashmir (AD 1600 to 1900)”. The Medieval History Journal 11 (2008): 63-99.
21. Karalliedde L and Senanayake N. “Organophosphorus insecticide poisoning”. British Journal of Anaesthesia 63.6 (1989): 736-750.
22. Liu CJ., et al. “The pollution of pesticides in soils and its bioremediation”. System Sciences and Comprehensive Studies in Agriculture 18.4 (2002): 295-297.
23. Lyons G and Watterson A. “Review of the Role Pesticides Play in Some Cancers: Children, Farmers and Pesticide Users at Risk”. CHEM Trust report (2010).
24. Maqbool O and Jan F. “The Agricultural Sector of Kashmir: Between Growth and Mismanagement”. Academic Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Research 5.5 (2017): 341-349. 
25. Miller G. Living in the Environment, 12 ed. Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning (2002).
26. Misri ML and Bhat MS. “Poverty, Planning, and Economic Change in Jammu and Kashmir”. Vikas Publishing House (1994).
27. Oerke EC. “Crop losses to pests-Centenary Review”. Journal of Agricultural Science 144 (2006): 31-32.
28. Peshin R., et al. “Integrated pest management: a global overview of history, programs and adoption. Integrated pest management: innovation-development process”. 1st ed. Springer, Dordrecht (2009): 1-49. 
29. Peshin R and Zhang W. “Integrated pest management and pesticide use”. Integrated Pest Management 1st ed. Springer, Dordrecht (2014): 1-46.
30. Qayoom I., et al. “Assessment of Dimethoate Residues from Dal Lake of Jammu and Kashmir, India”. Chemical Science Review and Letters 7.26 (2018): 578-581.
31. Rashid BA., et al. “Malignant brain tumors (brain cancer) in orchard farmers of Kashmir linked to pesticides”. Current Neurobiology 1.2 (2010): 137-150.
32. Riyaz M., et al. “Entomophily of Apple ecosystem in Kashmir valley, India: A review”. International Journal of Science and Research in Biological Sciences 5.5 (2018): 146-150.
33. Rother HA. “South African farm workers’ interpretation of risk assessment data expressed as pictograms on pesticide labels”. Environmental research 108.3 (2008): 419-427.
34. Subash SP., et al. “Pesticide Use in Indian Agriculture: Trends, Market Structure and Policy Issues”. Indian Council for Agricultural Research-National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research Policy Brief (2017): 1-4.
35. Sushil SN. “Emerging Issues of Plant Protection in India. Natural Resource Management: Ecological Perspectives”. International Conference, SKUAST, Jammu (2016). 
36. Swerdlow SH., et al. “WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissue (IARC WHO classification of tumours)”. World Health Organization (2008).
37. Thiam M and Touni E. “Pesticide poisoning in West Africa”. Pesticides News (2009): 3-4.
38. Vaagt G. “International Conventions-Implications to pesticides management”. In Regional Workshop on the International Code of Conduct, Presentation (2005).
39. Vashakidze VI. “The influence of Granosan and Sevin on the generative function of the organism and its progeny under experimental conditions”. Author’s abstract of Doctoral Dissertation (In Russian) Tbilisi state Medical Institute (1969): 505.
40. Vega SS. “Note on the toxicity of pesticides used in tropical crops”. Ciencias Ambientales 11 (1994): 181-85.
41. Wakefield W. “The Happy Valley: Sketches of Kashmir and the Kashmiris”. 1st ed. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, Crown Buildings, Fleet Street (1879): 137-38. 
42. World Health Organization (WHO). Health Situation and Trends Assessment: Health Situation in the South-East Asia Region 1998–2000. WHO Regional Office for Southeast Asia, New Delhi (2002).
43. Zhang W., et al. “A long-term forecast analysis on worldwide land uses”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 119 (2006): 609.
44. Zhang W., et al. “Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture”. Ecological economics 64.2 (2007): 253-260.

Citation

Citation: Muzafar Riyaz., et al. “Impact on Farmers’ Health Due to the Pesticide Exposure in the Agrarian Zones of Kashmir Valley: A Review".Acta Scientific Agriculture 4.2 (2020): 16-22.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Muzafar Riyaz., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.