Abstract

  Pheromones are chemical substance which are used to attract the insects of same species which are released by insect. These pheromones are artificially made by the using specific chemicals which have same fragrance or odor like natural chemical to attract insect to collect in traps or cages. Odor dispersion depends upon the intensity of source, air temperature and wind speed, dispersion route and absorption by insects distance. Hanging traps distance and ground traps distance also impact on dispersion of odor.
  Artificial pheromones was used to traps insects in traps by using “Gyptol”. This is infrared spectrum of the purified attractant (termed “gyptol”) indicated the presence of a primary hydroxy group, a secondary acetoxyl group, and double bond. This compound is the natural attractant was confirmed by the synthesis of material with activity equivalent to that of the natural attractant. Active space dependency on the behavior threshold, distance from source and dispersion of odor, all these factors are cross ponding to each other.

Keywords: Active Space; Behavior Threshold; Odor Dispersion; Distance from Communication; Rate of Absorption; Rate of Dispersion, Pheromones; Gyptol; Mating Behavior; Odor Flux; Diffusion Coefficient and Concentration

References

1. Schoonhoven Louis M., et al. “Insect-plant biology”. Oxford University Press on Demand (2005).
2. Glenner H., et al. “The origin of insects”. Science 314 (2006): 1883-1884.
3. Chapman Donald W. "Food and space as regulators of salmonid populations in streams”. The American Naturalist 100.913 (1966): 345-357.
4. Ahmed NM. “A User's Guide to the Crisis of Civilization and how to Save it”. London: Pluto Press (2010).
5. Kasinger H., et al. “Digital semiochemical coordination”. Communications of SIWN 4 (2008): 133-139.
6. Ma Zhanshan Sam and Axel W Krings. "Insect sensory systems inspired computing and communications”. Ad Hoc Networks 7.4 (2009): 742-755.
7. Kosek J. “Ecologies of empire: on the new uses of the honeybee”. Cultural Anthropology 25.4 (2010): 650-678.
8. Bruce TJ. The olfactory basis for attraction of the Bollworm helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to host-plant flowers (Doctoral dissertation, University of Greenwich).
9. Bliss Barbara J., et al. “Characterization of the basal angiosperm Aristolochia fimbriata: a potential experimental system for genetic studies”. BMC Plant Biology 13.1 (2013): 13.
10. Seenivasagan T., et al. “Electroantennogram, flight orientation and oviposition responses of Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti to a fatty acid ester-propyl octadecenoate”. Acta tropica 124.1 (2012): 54-61.
11. Weissburg MARC J and RICHARD K. "Odor plumes and how blue crabs use them in finding prey”. Journal of Experimental Biology 197.1 (1994): 349-375.
12. Becker TH, et al. U.S. Patent Application No. 10/258,713 (2019).
13. Muller-Schwarze D. Chemical ecology of vertebrates. Cambridge University Press (2006).
14. Andersson Petter, Christer Löfstedt, and Peter A. Hambäck. "How insects sense olfactory patches–the spatial scaling of olfactory information”. Oikos 122.7 (2013): 1009-1016.
15. Murlis John., et al. “Odor plumes and how insects use them”. Annual review of entomology 37.1 (1992): 505-532.
16. Elkinton JS and Cardé RT. “Odor dispersion”. In Chemical ecology of insects. Springer, Boston, MA (1984): 73-81.
17. Murlis John., et al. “Odor plumes and how insects use them”. Annual Review of Entomology 37.1 (1992): 505-532.
18. Law John H and Fred E Regnier. "Pheromones”. Annual Review of Biochemistry 40.1 (1971): 533-548.
19. Shorey HH. “Animal communication by pheromones”. Academic Press (2013).
20. Kreher SA., et al. “Translation of sensory input into behavioral output via an olfactory system”. Neuron 59.1 (2008): 110-124.
21. Bell WJ. “Searching behavior patterns in insects”. Annual Review of Entomology 35.1 (1990): 447-467.
22. Buck LB and Bargmann C. “Smell and taste: The chemical senses”. Principles of Neural Science 4 (2000): 625-647.
23. Tettler DD and Axel R. “Representations of odor in the piriform cortex”. Neuron 63 (2009): 854-864.
24. Webster DR and Weissburg MJ. “Chemosensory guidance cues in a turbulent chemical odor plume”. Limnology and Oceanography 46 (2001): 1034-1047.
25. Keller Troy A and Marc J Weissburg. "Effects of odor flux and pulse rate on chemosensory tracking in turbulent odor plumes by the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus”. The Biological Bulletin 207.1 (2004): 44-55.
26. Elkinton JS and Cardé RT. “Odor dispersion”. In Chemical ecology of insects. Springer, Boston, MA (1984): 73-81.
27. Alberts Allison C. "Constraints on the design of chemical communication systems in terrestrial vertebrates”. The American Naturalist 139 (1992): S62-S89.
28. Unsworth, Jennifer. Identification, characterisation and quantification of proteins used in chemical communication. Diss. University of Liverpool (2014).
29. Plant DF. Atomistic and quantum chemical studies of adsorption and diffusion processed in basic zeolites X and Y. University of London, University College London (United Kingdom) (2005).
30. Kiørboe Thomas. “A mechanistic approach to plankton ecology”. Princeton University Press, (2008).
31. Scott DS and Dullien FAL. “Diffusion of ideal gases in capillaries and porous solids”. AIChE Journal 8 (1962): 113-117.
32. Gordon RG. “Molecular motion in infrared and Raman spectra”. The Journal of Chemical Physics 43.4 (1965): 1307-1312.
33. Strand Tara., et al. “A simple model for simulation of insect pheromone dispersion within forest canopies”. Ecological Modelling 220.5 (2009): 640-656.
34. Mankin RW., et al. “Models for dispersal of vapors in open and confined spaces: Applications to sex pheromone trapping in a warehouse”. Journal of Chemical Ecology 6 (1980): 929-950.
35. Baker Donald R. "The Newcastle Formation in Weston County, Wyoming: a nonmarine (alluvial) plain deposit”. (1962): 148-162.
36. Jones AM and Harrison RM. “The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations—a review”. Science of the total environment 326 (2004): 151-180.
37. Mortensen NG., et al. “Wind atlas analysis and application program (WAsP)”. In Wind Energy Department: Scientific and technical progress 1999-2000 (2001).
38. Pashami Sepideh., et al. “Integration of open foam flow simulation and filament-based gas propagation models for gas dispersion simulation”. In Proceedings of the Open Source CFD International Conference (2010).
39. Contact Exotic Insects Education at the Department of Entomology, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, 47907-1158 (765) 494-0822.
40. Boffi S., et al. “Electromagnetic response of atomic nuclei (No. 20)”. Clarendon Press (1996).
41. Cloudsley-Thompson JL. Evolution and adaptation of terrestrial arthropods. Springer Science and Business Media (2012).
42. Atema Jelle C Brönmark and L Hansson. "Aquatic odor dispersal fields: opportunities and limits of detection, communication and navigation”. Chemical Ecology in Aquatic Systems (2012): 1-18.
43. Gibson G and Torr SJ. “Visual and olfactory responses of haematophagous Diptera to host stimuli”. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 13.1 (1999): 2-23.
44. Farrell Jay A., et al. “Filament-based atmospheric dispersion model to achieve short time-scale structure of odor plumes”. Environmental Fluid Mechanics 2 (2002): 143-169.
45. Hanna SR., et al. “Handbook on atmospheric diffusion (No. DOE/TIC-11223)”. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oak Ridge, TN (USA). Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Lab (1982).
46. Kamen MD and Kamen MD. Radiant science, dark politics: a memoir of the nuclear age. Univ of California Press (1985).
47. Schauberger G., et al. “Odour emissions from a waste treatment plant using an inverse dispersion technique”. Atmospheric environment 45 (2011): 1639-1647.
48. Murlis John., et al. “Spatial and temporal structures of pheromone plumes in fields and forests”. Physiological entomology 25 (2000): 211-222.
49. Farrell JA., et al. “Filament-based atmospheric dispersion model to achieve short time-scale structure of odor plumes”. Environmental fluid mechanics 2 (2002): 143-169.
50. Aylor DE., et al. “Turbulent dispersion of disparlure in the forest and male gypsy moth response”. Environmental Entomology 5 (1976): 1026-1032.
51. Greenfield Michael D. Signalers and receivers: mechanisms and evolution of arthropod communication. Oxford University Press (2002).
52. Piersma Theunis and Jan A Van Gils. “The flexible phenotype: a body-centred integration of ecology, physiology, and behaviour”. Oxford University Press (2011).
53. Murlis John., et al. “Spatial and temporal structures of pheromone plumes in fields and forests”. Physiological entomology 25.3 (2000): 211-222.
54. Linn CE Jr and Gaston LK. “Behavioral function of the components and the blend of the sex pheromone of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusa ni”. Environmental Entomology 10 (1981): 751-755.

Citation

Citation: Muhammad Umar Javed., et al. “Odor Dispersion and its Response by Moths (Lepidoptera)".Acta Scientific Agriculture 4.1 (2020): 136-140.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Muhammad Umar Javed., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.