Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences (ASPS)(ISSN: 2581-5423)

Research Article Volume 10 Issue 6

Zinc Acetate as an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Multi substituted Piperidines

Amardeep Manikrao Vaygavkar1 and Sangita Sanjay Makone2*

1Research Scholar, School of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded-431606, Maharashtra, India
2Professor, School of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded-431606, Maharashtra, India

*Corresponding Author: Sangita Sanjay Makone, Professor, School of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded-431606, Maharashtra, India.

Received: October 13, 2026; Published: October 28, 2026

Abstract

Through a one-pot multi-component condensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes, anilines, and β-ketoester in the presence of Zn(OAc)2•2H2O as a Lewis acidic catalyst in toluene at 80 oC, we have successfully developed an efficient and environmentally friendly synthesis of a series of 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate derivatives. High catalytic activity, decent yields, ease of use, a broad range of functional group tolerance, and column-free approach are some of the benefits of this low-cost, ecologically friendly protocol.

Keywords: Aldehydes; Anilines; β-keto Esters; Zn(OAc)2•2H2O; Tetrahydropyridines; Lewis Acid; Multi-Component Reactions

References

  1. Taylor AP., et al. “Modern advances in heterocyclic chemistry in drug discovery”. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry 14 (2016): 6611-6637.
  2. Varala R. “Scope of Selective Heterocycles from Organic and Pharmaceutical Perspective”. Rijeka, Croatia: IntechOpen (2016).
  3. Jampílek J. “Heterocycles in medicinal chemistry”. Molecules 24 (2019): 3839.
  4. Pibiri I. “Recent advances: Heterocycles in drugs and drug discovery”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences17 (2024): 9503.
  5. T Ghosh., et al. “Employing multicomponent reactions in heterocycle synthesis: recent advances”. European Journal of Organic Chemistry35 (2025): e202500337.
  6. Péret VAC and de Oliveira RB. “Green strategies for the synthesis of heterocyclic derivatives with potential against neglected tropical diseases”. Reactions 6 (2025): 66.
  7. E Kabir and M Uzzaman. “A review on biological and medicinal impact of heterocyclic compounds”. Results Chemistry 4 (2022): 100606.
  8. Mallappa Chahar M., et al. “Recent advances in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds via multicomponent reaction and their emerging biological applications: a review”. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society 22 (2025): 1-33.
  9. Amin A., et al. “A Review on The Medicinal And Industrial Applications of N-Containing Heterocycles”. The Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal 16 (2022): e187410452209010.
  10. Luo W., et al. “Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Drug Products Approved by the FDA in 2023: Synthesis and Biological Activity”. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 279 (2024): 116838.
  11. Vitaku E., et al. “Analysis of the Structural Diversity of Nitrogen Heterocycles in Pharmaceuticals”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 24 (2014): 10257-10274.
  12. Md M Khan., et al. “Recent developments in multicomponent synthesis of structurally diversified tetrahydropyridines”. RSC Advances48 (2016): 42045-42061.
  13. Rajbongshi KK., et al. “Pyridines, Dihydropyridines and Piperidines: An Outline on Synthesis and Biological Activities”. In: Ameta, K.L., Kant, R., Penoni, A., Maspero, A., Scapinello, L. (eds) N-Heterocycles. Springer, Singapore (2022).
  14. Frolov NA and Vereshchagin AN. “Piperidine derivatives: recent advances in synthesis and pharmacological applications”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24 (2023): 2937.
  15. Harwood LA and Barros Metlova V. “Practical access to piperidines”. Nature Reviews Chemistry 9 (2025): 85.
  16. M Hu., et al. “The construction of highly substituted piperidines via dearomative functionalization reaction”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition49 (2023): e202315108.
  17. Md M Khan., et al. “Tetrahydropyridines: a recent update for their multicomponent synthesis”. RSC Advances 16(3 (2026): 2007-2029.
  18. Rajbongshi KK., et al. “Pyridines, Dihydropyridines and Piperidines: An Outline on Synthesis and Biological Activities”. In: Ameta, K.L., Kant, R., Penoni, A., Maspero, A., Scapinello, L. (eds) N-Heterocycles. Springer, Singapore (2022).
  19. PiDaniel Łowicki and Piotr Przybylski. “Piperidine-containing drugs and recently studied analogs - biological activity, mechanism of action and synthetic cascade access to their scaffolds”. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 302 (2026): 118213.
  20. Paul A Clarke., et al. “Pot, atom and step economic (PASE) synthesis of highly functionalized piperidines: a five-component condensation”. Tetrahedron Letters30 (2007): 5209-5212.
  21. Khan AT., et al. “Effects of substituents in the β-position of 1, 3-dicarbonyl compounds in bromodimethylsulfonium bromide-catalyzed multicomponent reactions: A facile access to functionalized piperidines”. Journal of Organic Chemistry 73 (2008): 8398-8405.
  22. Khan AT., et al. “Iodine-catalyzed one-pot five-component reactions for direct synthesis of densely functionalized piperidines”. Tetrahedron 66 (2010): 7762-7769.
  23. Khan AT., et al. “Synthesis of highly functionalized piperidines by one-pot multicomponent reaction using tetrabutylammoniumtribromide (TBATB)”. Tetrahedron Letters 51 (2010): 4419-4422.
  24. Mishra S and Ghosh R. “Efficient one-pot synthesis of functionalized piperidine scaffolds via ZrOCl₂•8H₂O-catalyzed tandem reactions of aromatic aldehydes with amines and acetoacetic esters”. Tetrahedron Letters 52 (2011): 2857-2860.
  25. Wang HJ., et al. “Cerium ammonium nitrate-catalyzed multicomponent reaction for efficient synthesis of functionalized tetrahydropyridines”. ACS Combinatorial Science 13 (2011): 181-185.
  26. C Mukhopadhyay., et al. “First report of syn isomers in the diastereoselective synthesis of highly functionalized piperidines catalysed by wet picric acid: Factors influencing the syn-anti ratios”. Tetrahedron Letters44 (2011): 5835-5840.
  27. Pal S., et al. “VCl3 catalyzed imine-based multicomponent reactions for the facile access of functionalized tetrahydropyridines and β-amino carbonyls”. Molecular Divers 16 (2012): 129-143.
  28. Sajadikhah SS., et al. “One-pot multicomponent synthesis of highly substituted piperidines using p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate as catalyst”. Monatshefte für Chemie 143 (2012): 939-944.
  29. R Ramachandran., et al. “One-pot synthesis of highly diversified tetrahydropyridines by tandem condensation of aldehydes, amines, and β-ketoesters”. Tetrahedron1 (2012): 363-369.
  30. G Brahmachari and S Das. “Bismuth nitrate-catalyzed multicomponent reaction for efficient and one-pot synthesis of densely functionalized piperidine scaffolds at room temperature”. Tetrahedron Letters12 (2012): 1479-1484.
  31. Khaksar S., et al. “Cerium(IV) triflate-catalyzed domino annulation approaches to the synthesis of highly substituted piperidines”. Comptes Rendus Chimie11 (2013): 1024-1028
  32. G-V Ramin and S Hajar. “Highly efficient one-pot synthesis of tetrahydropyridines”. Comptes Rendus Chimie11 (2013): 1047-1054.
  33. Balijapalli U., et al. “Metal-free, one-pot, rapid synthesis of tetrahydropyridines using acetic acid as solvent and catalyst at room temperature”. Synthetic Communications 44 (2014): 943-950.
  34. Daraei M., et al. “Synthesis of tetrahydropyridines by one-pot multicomponent reaction using nano-sphere silica sulfuric acid”. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society 12 (2015): 855-861.
  35. R Bharti and T Parvin. “One-pot synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydropyridines: a camphoresulfonic acid catalyzed multicomponent reaction”. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry6 (2015): 1806-1811.
  36. Bamoniri A., et al. “Nano-TiCl4/SiO2: An efficient heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for the one pot cascade five-component synthesis of densely functionalized tetrahydropyridines”. Journal of Chemical Sciences 127 (2015): 885-895.
  37. Mohammadi S and Abbasi M. “Design of ionic liquid sulfonic acid pyridinium hydrogen sulfate as an efficient, eco-friendly, and reusable catalyst for one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydropyridines”. Research on Chemical Intermediates 41 (2015): 8877-8890.
  38. Madanifar Z., et al. “Citric acid, a green catalyst for the one-pot, multi-component synthesis of highly substituted piperidines”. Research on Chemical Intermediates12 (2015): 9863-9869.
  39. Palermo V., et al. “Calix[n]arenes: Active organocatalysts for the synthesis of densely functionalized piperidines by one-pot multicomponent procedure”. Tetrahedron Letters 57 (2016): 2049-2053.
  40. Paul B., et al. “α-Fe₂O₃ immobilized benzimidazoliumtribromide as a novel magnetically retrievable catalyst for one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized piperidines”. Chinese Chemical Letters 27 (2016): 1725-1729.
  41. Ramesh R., et al. “Cyanuric chloride-catalyzed metal-free mild protocol for the synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydropyridines”. Tetrahedron Letters 58 (2017): 3905-3909.
  42. Kaur R., et al. “Alum as an efficient catalyst for the multicomponent synthesis of functionalized piperidines”. Research on Chemical Intermediates11 (2017): 6099-6114.
  43. A Gupta., et al. “Graphene oxide: A carbocatalyst for the one-pot multicomponent synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydropyridines”. Tetrahedron Letters26 (2017): 2583-2587.
  44. Babaei E and Mirjalili BBF. “One-pot synthesis of five-substituted tetrahydropyridines using nano-Al₂O₃/BF₃/Fe₃O₄ as a highly efficient nanocatalyst”. Research on Chemical Intermediates 44 (2018): 3493-3505.
  45. Kangani M., et al. “Lactic Acid: An Efficient and Green Catalyst for the One-Pot Five-Components Synthesis of Highly Substituted Piperidines”. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds4 (2018): 322-328.
  46. D Tong., et al. “Synthesis of functionalized tetrahydropyridines by sncl4-mediated [4+2] cycloaddition between donor-acceptor cyclobutanes and nitriles”. Chemistry: A European Journal67 (2019): 15244-15247.
  47. K N Patil., et al. “One pot multicomponent synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydropyridine using copper (II) triflate as catalyst and their anti-inflammatory activity”. Chemical Data Collections 21 (2019): 100233.
  48. Wu L., et al. “Multicomponent Reaction for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Piperidine Scaffolds Catalyzed by TMSI”. Research on Chemical Intermediates 46 (2020): 4311-4322.
  49. Singh S., et al. “Facile one-pot multicomponent synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydropyridines using thiamine hydrochloride as an organocatalyst”. Synthetic Communications7 (2020): 1056-1063.
  50. N Basirat., et al. “Multi-component synthesis of piperidines and dihydropyrrol-2-one derivatives catalyzed by a dual-functional ionic liquid”. Journal of Chemical Research1-2 (2020): 20-24.
  51. L Pengpeng. “Multicomponent Reaction for the Synthesis of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Pentasubstituted Piperidines Catalyzed by NIS”. Hetrocycles8 (2021): 1563.
  52. Khan BA., et al. “Exploring highly functionalized tetrahydropyridine as a dual inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A and B: Synthesis, structural analysis, single crystal XRD, supramolecular assembly exploration by Hirshfeld surface analysis, and computational studies”. ACS Omega33 (2022): 29452-29464.
  53. M Aier., et al. “A facile synthesis of sterically hindered tetrahydropyridine derivatives: The role of 2-Picolinic acid based 1D Copper (II) coordination polymer”. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 993 (2023): 122712.
  54. Z Xia., et al. “Saccharin‐catalyzed multicomponent cascade reactions for the synthesis of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6‐pentasubstituted piperidines”. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 60(6 (2023): 1070-1075.
  55. Davanagere PM., et al. “Diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydropyridines by recyclable novel bifunctional c2-symmetric ionic liquid-supported (S)-proline organocatalyst”. Catalysts 13 (2023): 209.
  56. M Goswami., et al. “Photocatalytic activity of Rose Bengal encapsulated in zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (RB@ZIF-8): an innovative approach for the one pot synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydropyridines and study of their anti-tubercular activity”. Catalysis Science and Technology9 (2024): 2619-2629.
  57. Kharade PR., et al. “Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of tetrahydropyridines as potential CDK2 and DprE1 inhibitors”. Research on Chemical Intermediates 50 (2024): 1777-1808.
  58. RG Koduri., et al. “Ultrasound assisted and SO4-2/SnO2-catalyzed one-pot multicomponent reaction for the synthesis of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-pentasubstituted piperidines”. Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry2 (2024): 211-217.
  59. A Strecker. “Ueber die künstliche Bildung der Milchsäure und einen neuen, dem Glycocoll homologen Körper”. Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 75(1850): 27-45.
  60. T Zarganes-Tzitzikas., et al. “Multicomponent reactions, union of MCRs and beyond”. Chemical Record 15 (2015): 981-996.
  61. T Zarganes-Tzitzikas and A Dömling. “Modern multicomponent reactions for better drug syntheses”. Organic Chemistry Frontiers7 (2014): 834-837.
  62. Á Cores., et al. “Multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients”. Pharmaceuticals 15 (2022): 1009.
  63. Younus HA., et al. “Multicomponent reactions (MCR) in medicinal chemistry: a patent review (2010-2020)”. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents3 (2021): 267-289.
  64. CS Graebin., et al. “Multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of bioactive compounds: a review”. Current Organic Synthesis 16 (2019): 855-899.
  65. S E John., et al. “Recent advances in multi-component reactions and their mechanistic insights: a triennium review”. Organic Chemistry Frontiers 8 (2021): 4237-4287.
  66. T J J Müller. “Multicomponent reactions in the synthesis of heterocycles”. Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 53 (2017): 381.
  67. M M Alam., et al. “Zinc Acetate in Organic Synthesis and Catalysis: A Review”. Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 21 (2024): 555.
  68. V V R Reddy., et al. “Zn(OAc)2•2H2O-Catalyzed One-Pot Efficient Synthesis of α-Amino Nitriles”. Asian Journal of Chemistry 26 (2014): 7439 (2014).
  69. E Ramu., et al. “Zn(OAc)2•2H2O: a versatile catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of propargylamines”. Tetrahedron Letters 48 (2007): 7184.
  70. BD Kokane., et al. “Zn(OAc)2•2H2O: An efficient catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 2-substituted benzothiazoles”. Organic Communications 15 (2022): 378-385.
  71. JS Pulle., et al. “Zn(OAc)2•2H2O-catalyzed green synthesis of substituted 1-amido/thioamidoalkyl-2-naphthols’. Revue Roumaine de Chimie 68 (2023): 75-83.
  72. PR Totawar., et al. “Zn(OAc)2•2H2O-Catalyzed Efficient Synthesis of 1, 8 Dihydrooctahydroxanthenes”. Journal of Scientific Research 17 (2025): 911-923.
  73. HB Babu., et al. “Zn(OAc)2•2H2O-Catalyzed Betti Base Synthesis under Solvent-free Conditions”. Letters in Organic Chemistry 19 (2022): 14.
  74. KB Digambar., et al. “Zn(OAc)2•2H2O-catalyzed efficient synthesis of 5-Substituted 1H-tetrazoles”. Current Chemistry Letters 12 (2023): 509-518.

Citation

Citation: Amardeep Manikrao Vaygavkar and Sangita Sanjay Makone. “Zinc Acetate as an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Multi substituted Piperi- dines". Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 10.6 (2026): 57-64.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2026 Amardeep Manikrao Vaygavkar and Sangita Sanjay Makone. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate32%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In




News and Events


  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be provided with the Publication Certificate after their successful publication
  • Last Date for submission
    Authors are requested to submit manuscripts on/before November 19, 2026, for the upcoming issue of 2026.

Contact US