FI Ezeibe*, CA Akpan, ME Sanda, IJ Ogbonna, E Kalu, NU Njoku, MI Udobi, D Herbert and MCO Ezeibe

College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author: FI Ezeibe, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.

Received: July 02, 2025; Published: July 29, 2025

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a big concern, globally, necessitating incorporation of adjuvants for enhanced efficacies and reduction of dosages used on food animals. Cotrimoxazole®, a widely used antimicrobial, is 16.70% Trimethoprim® and 83.30% Sulphamethoxazole® (100%), which leaves no space for adjuvants. Molecules of Aluminum magnesium silicate (AMS), approved pharmaceutical stabilizing agent, consist of nanoparticles. Stabilizing medicines prolongs time they remain at high bioavailability and nanoparticles enhance medicines` delivery to effect-targets while silicates, enhance immunity. Prolonging high-bioavailability time while enhancing medicines` delivery and patients` immunity improve efficacies so that lower dosages achieve desired effects. Using lower dosages for desired effects minimizes side effects, thereby, further enhancing immunity. Enhancing medicines` efficacies and patients` immunity terminates infections to prevent/cure AMR. Making lower dosages effective also reduces costs of medicines. Countries that lack AMS may have Aluminum silicate (AS) and Magnesium silicate (MS), approved medicines. So, AS and MS were formulated to get an AMS-brand, named Medicinal synthetic AMS® (MSAMS®). To improve efficacy of Cotrimoxazole®, MSAMS® was formulated to it such that one dose of each o six formulations delivers recommended dosage for: Trimethoprim®, Sulphamethoxazole® and MSAMS®. We report how to formulate MSAMS to antimicrobials to overcome AMR and develop brands.

Keywords: Enhancing Efficacies; Antimicrobials; Cotrimoxazole®; MSAMS® (Nano-Stabilizing Agent)

References

1. “Antimicrobial Resistance”. World Health Organization (2024).
2. Goldberg E and Bishara J. “Contemporary unconventional clinical use of co-trimoxazole”. Clinical Microbiology Infectious 18 (2012): 8-17.
3. Vanderbilt RT. “Veegum: The versatile ingredient for pharmaceutical Formulations”. Inc. Technical Literature (2012).
4. Cristina E., et al. “Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles: Sources and Toxicity”. Biointerphases 2 (2007): 17-21.
5. Suni L., et al. “Immuno-stimulation by Silica Particles and the Development of Autoimmune Dysregulation”. InTech. Open, London (2014).
6. Ezeibe M C O. “Medicinal synthetic Aluminum-magnesium silicate® (Nanoparticles)-Antiviral agent and adjuvant to Chemotherapeutics”. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Patents and Design Ref. No NG/P/2012/639 (2012).
7. Maser P., et al. “Drug transport and drug resistance in African Trypanosomes”. Drug Resistance Updates5 (2003): 281-290.
8. Wilcke JR. “Therapeutic application of sulfadiazine/trimethoprim in dogs and cats: a review”. Companion Animal Practice 2 (1988): 3-8.
9. Philip A., et al. “Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Revisited”. Archives of Internal Medicine4 (2003):402-410.
10. Chintu C., et al. “Co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian children (CHAP): a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial”. Lancet 364 (2004): 1865-1871.
11. Lindemulder S and Albano E. “Successful intermittent prophylaxis with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 2 days per week for Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci) pneumonia in pediatric oncology patients”. Pediatrics 120 (2007): 47-51.
12. Bwakura-Dangarembizi M., et al. “A randomized trial of prolonged co-trimoxazole in HIV-infected children in Africa”. The New England Journal of Medicine 370 (2014): 41-53.
13. Church A James., et al. “The expanding role of co-trimoxazole in developing countries: A review”. The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2015).
14. Bushby SRM. “Sulfonamide and trimethoprim combinations” (1980).
15. Prescott JF., et al. “Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine (No. Ed. 3)”. Iowa State University Press (2000).
16. Gleckman R., et al. “Trimethoprim: mechanisms of action, antimicrobial activity, bacterial resistance, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, and therapeutic indications”. Pharmacotherapy 1 (1981):14.
17. Wormser GP., et al. “Co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole): an updated review of its antibacterial activity and clinical”. (1982).
18. Kalkut G. “Sulfonamides and trimethoprim”. Cancer Invest 16 (1998): 612.
19. Bushby SRM. “Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: in vitro microbiological aspects”. Journal of Infectious Diseases 3 (1973): S442-S462.
20. Elmore AR. “Final report on the safety assessment of aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, sodium magnesium silicate, zirconium silicate, attapulgite, bentonite, Fuller's earth, hectorite, kaolin, lithium magnesium silicate, lithium magnesium sodium silicate, montmorillonite, pyrophyllite, and zeolite”. International Journal of Toxicology 1 (2003): 37-102.
21. Cristina E., et al. “Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles: Sources and Toxicity”. Biointerphases 2 (2007): 17-21.
22. Murray KR. “Harpers Biochemistry”. McGraw Hill, New York (2000).
23. Ezeibe MCO., et al. “Enhancing the efficacy of veterinary drugs with aluminum-magnesium silicate nanoparticles”. Veterinary World1 (2020): 68-73.
24. Brent W., et al. “What Do We Really Know about Antibiotics Pharmacodynamics?” Pharmcotherapy 21 (2001): 28-31.
25. DeJong H., et al. “A systematic review of dropout from treatment in outpatients with anorexia nervosa”. International Journal of Eating Disorders 45 (2012): 635-647.

Citation

Citation: FI Ezeibe., et al. “Formulating Medicinal Synthetic Aluminum Magnesium Silicate® to Cotrimoxazole®". Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 9.8 (2025): 21-28.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2025 FI Ezeibe., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.