Aishwarya Jain^1,2* and Kiran Bhise²

¹Department of Pharmaceutics, STES, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Vadgaon Bk, Pune, India
²Department of Pharmaceutics, Allana College of Pharmacy, K.B. Hidayatullah Road, Azam Campus, Pune, Maharashtra, India

*Corresponding Author: Aishwarya Jain, Department of Pharmaceutics, STES, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Vadgaon Bk, Pune, India.

Received: May 07, 2024; Published: June 23, 2024

Abstract

Wound healing poses significant challenges in modern healthcare due to issues like infection, slow healing, and scar formation. Green synthesis emerges as a promising solution, leveraging eco-friendly methods to develop wound healing therapies. This review explores the principles of green synthesis and its application in wound care, highlighting natural resources such as plant extracts, microbial enzymes, and bioactive compounds. Bioactive compounds like flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides play crucial roles in promoting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration. Innovative green synthesis techniques such as microwave-assisted synthesis and enzyme-mediated synthesis enhance the efficiency of bioactive compounds, paving the way for sustainable wound healing solutions. Nanostructured materials synthesized through green methods, including silver nanoparticles and graphene-based materials, offer controlled drug delivery and antimicrobial properties for enhanced wound dressing. Clinical applications and case studies showcase the efficacy of green-synthesized wound healing products in promoting faster wound closure and minimizing scarring. Despite challenges such as standardization and regulatory hurdles, future directions include interdisciplinary collaborations, novel biomaterial designs, and personalized medicine approaches. In conclusion, green synthesis holds immense potential in revolutionizing wound healing therapies, offering sustainable and cost-effective solutions for improved patient outcomes.

Keywords: Wound Healing; Green Synthesis; Bioactive Compounds; Nanostructured Materials; Sustainable Healthcare

References

1. Gurtner GC., et al. “Wound repair and regeneration”. Nature7193 (2008): 314-321.
2. Koh TJ and DiPietro LA. “Inflammation and wound healing: the role of the macrophage”. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 13 (2011): e23.
3. Bowler PG., et al. “Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management”. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 142 (2001): 244-269.
4. Brem H., et al. “Understanding the biology of chronic wounds: New possibilities for therapeutic intervention”. Surgical Technology International 16 (2007): 39-50.
5. Schreml S., et al. “Wound healing in the 21st century”. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology5 (2010): 866-881.
6. Gauglitz GG., et al. “Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: pathomechanisms and current and emerging treatment strategies”. Molecular Medicine1-2 (2011): 113-125.
7. Pan X., et al. “Green Extraction and Valorization of Bioactives: Principles, Approaches, and Applications”. Academic Press (2020).
8. Liese A and Hilterhaus L. “Evaluation of immobilized enzymes for industrial applications”. Chemical Society Reviews15 (2013): 6236-6249.
9. Reverchon E and De Marco I. “Supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation of natural matter”. Journal of Supercritical Fluids2 (2006): 146-166.
10. Kappe CO. “Controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition,46 (2004): 6250-6284.
11. Tan B and Lu G. “Solid acid catalysis in green synthesis”. In Green Techniques for Organic Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry 27-52 (2019).
12. Sharma VK., et al. “Silver nanoparticles: green synthesis and their antimicrobial activities”. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science1-2 (2009): 83-96.
13. Sheldon R A and Woodley J M. “Role of biocatalysis in sustainable chemistry”. Chemical Reviews2 (2018): 801-838.
14. Chen X and Mao S S. “Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, modifications, and applications”. Chemical Reviews7 (2007): 2891-2959.
15. Rai M., et al. “Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials”. Biotechnology Advances1 (2009): 76-83.
16. Gurunathan S., et al. “Oxidative stress-mediated antibacterial activity of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa”. International Journal of Nanomedicine 7 (2012): 5901–5914.
17. Ahmed E M. “Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review”. Journal of Advanced Research2 (2015): 105-121.
18. Cai J., et al. “Green synthesis of bacterial cellulose-based porous hydrogels: Preparation, characterization, and their applications”. Green Chemistry22 (2017): 5391-5403.
19. Vatankhah E., et al. “Wound dressing with electrospun nanofibers loaded with silver nanoparticles and root extract for wound healing”. Journal of Applied Polymer Science7 (2014).
20. Norouzi M., et al. “Green synthesis of nanofibrous scaffolds from the natural polymers of cellulose, lignin, and chitosan for wound healing”. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 117 (2018): 668-676.
21. Yallapu M M., et al. “Curcumin nanoformulations: a future nanomedicine for cancer”. Drug Discovery Today1-2 (2012): 71-80.
22. Jain A., et al. “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Tecomella undulata leaf extract for wound healing application”. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 105 (2017): 1244-1250.
23. Newman D J and Cragg GM. “Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010”. Journal of Natural Products3 (2012): 311-335.
24. Rajeshkumar S. “Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Senna occidentalis and flower extract of Euphorbia hirta”. Journal of King Saud University-Science2 (2018): 168-175.
25. Pandey A and Singh P. “Microbial enzymes: Industrial progress in 21st century”. 3 Biotech4 (2018): 172.
26. Hasan F., et al. “Lipase catalysis in organic solvents: advantages and applications”. Enzyme and Microbial Technology1 (2009): 1-14.
27. Newman D J and Cragg G M. “Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2019”. Journal of Natural Products3 (2020): 770-803.
28. Newman DJ and Cragg GM. “Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010”. Journal of Natural Products3 (2012): 311-335.
29. Rajeshkumar S. “Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Senna occidentalis and flower extract of Euphorbia hirta”. Journal of King Saud University-Science2 (2018): 168-175.
30. Bucić-Kojić A., et al. “Velić, Supercritical CO2 extraction of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) oleoresin”. Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly2 (2009): 181-188.
31. Reverchon E and De Marco I. “Supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation of natural matter”. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids2 (2006): 146-166.
32. Chemat F., et al. “Ultrasound-assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review”. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 34 (2017): 540-560.
33. Manach C., et al. “Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition5 (2004): 727-747.
34. Wink M. “Modes of action of herbal medicines and plant secondary metabolites”. Medicines3 (2015): 251-286.
35. Middleton Jr E., et al. “The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer”. Pharmacological Reviews4 (2000): 673-751.
36. Tholl D. “Biosynthesis and biological functions of terpenoids in plants”. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 148 (2011): 63-106.
37. Hasan F., et al. “Lipase catalysis in organic solvents: advantages and applications”. Enzyme and Microbial Technology1 (2009): 1-14.
38. Gupta R., et al. “Bacterial alkaline proteases: molecular approaches and industrial applications”. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology1 (2002): 15-32.
39. Lynd L R., et al. “Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology”. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews3 (2002): 506-577.
40. Kapoor M and Kapoor R K. “Amylases: a comprehensive review”. International Journal of Advanced Research 6 (2017): 1574-1580.
41. Klibanov A M. “Improving enzymes by using them in organic solvents”. Nature6817 (2001): 241-246.
42. Sheldon RA. “Enzyme immobilization: the quest for optimum performance”. Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis8‐9 (2007): 1289-1307.
43. Liese A and Hilterhaus L. “Evaluation of immobilized enzymes for industrial applications”. Chemical Society Reviews 42.15 (2013): 6236-6249.
44. Bornscheuer UT., et al. “Engineering the third wave of biocatalysis”. Nature7397 (2012): 185-194.
45. Taherzadeh M J and Karimi K. “Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes to improve ethanol and biogas production: a review”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences9 (2008): 1621-1651.
46. Pandey K B and Rizvi S I. “Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease”. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 5 (2009): 270-278.
47. Havsteen BH. “The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids”. Pharmacology and Therapeutics2-3 (2002): 67-202.
48. Pelletier SW. “Alkaloids: chemical and biological perspectives”. Pergamon 15 (2009).
49. Zasloff M. “Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms”. Nature6870 (2002): 389-395.
50. Valko M., et al. “Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease”. The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology1 (2007): 44-84.

Citation

Citation: Aishwarya Jain and Kiran Bhise. “Paving the Green Path: Overcoming Challenges to Sustainable Healing".Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 8.7 (2024): 88-102.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2024 Aishwarya Jain and Kiran Bhise. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.