Ezeibe FI*, Akpan CAN, Unigwe CR

Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author:Ezeibe FI, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Nigeria.

Received: February 19, 2024; Published: March 04, 2024

Abstract

Oxytetracycline long acting is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used against a variety of pathogens. The term “long-acting” implies that the formulation provides a prolonged circulation of antibacterial concentrations of the active agent (oxytetracycline) and shows a commensurate improvement in clinical efficacy. The long- acting formulation is usually administered once and is expected to maintain a therapeutic plasma concentration for 3 to 4 days, whereas the short- acting formulation is recommended for daily use for 3 to 4 days to maintain a therapeutic plasma concentration. From a research work carried out using Nigerian indigenous dogs, the action of oxytetracycline long acting when combined with diminazene aceturate showed that oxytetracycline long acting could have an adjuvant property and could also be a stabilizer of other drugs, diminazene aceturate, for instance. This review will discuss the current status of knowledge concerning the therapeutic spectrum of oxytetracycline long acting.

Keywords: Oxytetracycline Long Acting; Adjuvant; Stabilizing Properties

References

1. Islam ST., et al. “Ehrlichiosis in a Labrador Dog: A case study”. The Pharma Innovation International Journal11 (2017).
2. Coetzee JF., et al. “Comparison of three oxytetracycline regimens for the treatment of persistent Anaplasma marginale infections in beef cattle”. Veterinary Parasitology 127 (2004): 61-73.
3. Li RQ., et al. “Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in blunt-snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) with single and multiple-dose oral administration”. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 41 (2017): 803-809.
4. Mestorino N., et al. “Bioequivalence study of two long-acting formulations of oxytetracycline following intramuscular administration in bovines”. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 3 (2016): 50.
5. Posner LP and Burns P. “Injectable anesthetic agents”. Canadian Veterinary Journal 32 (2009): 314-316.
6. USP Dictionary. “International Drug Names”. Rockville, MD: The United States Pharmacopea Convention, Inc (2002).
7. Hassan SA., et al. “Pharmacokinetics of long-acting oxytetracycline formulation following ıntramuscular administration on desert sheep”. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 7 (2008): 433-436.
8. Di Cerbo A., et al. “Oxytetracycline-Protein Complex: The Dark Side of Pet Food”. The Open Public Health Journal 11 (2019): 162-169.
9. Chukwudi CCU. “rRNA binding sites and the molecular mechanism action of tetracyclines”. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60 (2016): 4433-4441.
10. Tariq S., et al. “Tetracyclines classication, structure activity relationship and mechanism of action as a theranostic agent for infectious lesions- A Mini Review”. Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research 7 (2018).
11. Ward GS., et al. “Tetracycline-induced anaphylactic shock in a dog”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 7 (1982): 770-771.
12. Aktas I and Yarsan E. “Pharmacokinetics of conventional and long-acting oxytetracycline preparations in Kilis Goat”. Frontiers in Veterinary Science4 (2017): 229.
13. Vivrette S., et al. “Hemodialysis for treatment of oxytetracycline-induced acute renal failure in a neonatal foal”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1 (1993): 105-107.
14. Alizadehasl M and Ünal N. “Some morphological traits of Kilis, Norduz and Honamlı indigenous goats breeds”. Lalahan Hay Araş Enst Derg51 (2011): 81-92.
15. Paksoy N and Iriadam M. “An investigation of selenium levels in Kilis goats”. Harran University Journal Faculty of Veterinary Medicine1 (2012): 6-8.
16. Bowden BC. “Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Oxytetracycline in Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) as Determined by Plasma Concentration Following Different Routes of Administration [Master of Science in Veterinary Medical Sciences]”. Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (2001).
17. Aksoy AM and Kaya S. “Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in Kilis goats”. Veterinary Journal Ankara University 54 (2007): 171-176.
18. Kaya S. “Kemoterapötikler”. 2^nd ed In: Kaya S, Pirinçci İ, Bilgili A, editors. Veteriner Farmakoloji. (Vol. 2), Ankara: Medisan Press (2007): 327-488.
19. Özdemir N. “Kimi uzun etkili (LA) veteriner tetrasiklin formülasyonlarının biyoyararlanım ve biyoeşdeğerlilik yönünden incelenmesi [PhD Thesis]”. Istanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü (2003).
20. Ebadi M. “Desk Reference of Clinical Pharmacology”. New York: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group (2008).
21. Koç F. “The influence of prednisolone on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of long-acting oxytetracycline following intravenous and intramuscular administrations at a single dose in sheep”. Atatürk University Journal of Veterinary Sciences 4 (2009): 1-8.
22. Al-Nazawi MH. “Comparative pharmacokinetic studies on oxytetracycline in camels, sheep and goats”. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 23 (2003): 187-91.
23. Bishop Y. “The Veterinary Formulary”. 6^th ed UK: Pharmaceutical Press (2005).
24. Yar M., et al. “Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in sheep after various intravenous doses”. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 24 (2000): 135-138.
25. Burrows GE., et al. “Comparative pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, neomycin and oxytetracycline in newborn calves”. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 10 (1987): 54-63.
26. Rule R., et al. “Pharmacokinetics and residues in milk of oxytetracyclines administered parenterally to dairy goats”. Australian Veterinary Journal 79 (2001): 492-496.
27. Elsheikh HA., et al. “Comparative pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate, gentamicin sulphate and oxytetracycline hydrochloride in Nubian goats and desert sheep”. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 20 (1997): 262-266.
28. Craigmill AL., et al. “Serum pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in sheep and calves and tissue residues in sheep following a single intramuscular injection of a long-acting preparation”. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23 (2000): 345-352.
29. Achenbach TE. “Physiological ve Classical Pharmacokinetic Models of Oxytetracycline in Cattle [Master of Science in the Department of Biological Sciences]”. Canada: Simon Fraser University (2000).
30. Kikuvi GM., et al. “The pharmacokinetics of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation in healthy dogs and in dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis”. Veterinary Research Communication25 (2001): 391-400
31. Atif FA., et al. “Chemotherapeutic efficacy of oxytetracycline, enfloxacin and imidocarb for the elimination of persistent Anaplasma marginale infection in naturally infected cattle”. Pakistan Journal of Zoology2 (2012): 449-456.
32. Mileva R., et al. “Oxytetracycline Pharmacokinetics After Intramuscular Administration in Cows with Clinical Metritis Associated with Trueperella PyogenesInfection”. Mac Veterinary Revision7 (2020): 392.
33. Stuen S., et al. “Reduced Weight Gain Due to Subclinical Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophila) Infection”. Experimental and Applied Acarology 28 (2002): 209-215.
34. Helmick KE., et al. “Pharmacokinetic disposition of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation after single-dose intravenous and intramuscular administrations in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). American Association of Zoo Veterinarians”. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine3 (2004): 341-346.
35. Mevius DJ., et al. “Comparative pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and renal clearance of five parenteral oxytetracycline-20% formulations in dairy cows”. Veterinary Q 8 (1986): 285.
36. Payne MA., et al. “Serum pharmacokinetics and tissue and milk residues of oxytetracycline in goats following a single intramuscular injection of a long-acting preparation and milk residues following a single subcutaneous injection”. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 25 (2002): 25-32.
37. Laven R. “Use of parenteral long-acting and topical oxytetracycline, without hoof trimming, for treatment of foot rot in goats”. New Zealand Veterinary Journal3 (2012): 213-214.
38. Sarli M., et al. “Efficacy of long-acting oxytetracycline and imidocarb dipropionate for the chemosterilization of Anaplasma marginale in experimentally infected carrier cattle in Argentina”. Veterinary Parasitology Registration Study Reports 23 (2020): 100513.
39. Schunicht OC., et al. “A comparison of prophylactic efficacy of tilmicosin and a new formulation of oxytetracycline in feedlot calves”. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 5 (2002): 355-362.
40. Miller DB. “The pharmacokinetics of diminazene aceturate after intramuscular and intravenous administration in healthy dogs”. MMedVet (Med). Thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa (2005).
41. Erickson NEN., et al. “Evaluation of long-acting oxytetracycline and a commercial monovalent vaccine for the control of Campylobacter fetusvenerealis infection in beef bulls”. The Canadian Journal 58.10 (2017): 1051-1058.
42. Udalova AY., et al. “Methods for the Separation, Preconcentration, and Determination of Tetracycline Antibiotics”. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 70 (2015): 661-676.
43. Kwissa M., et al. “The science of adjuvants”. Expert Review of Vaccines 5 (2007): 673-684.
44. Brent W., et al. “What do we really know about antibiotics pharmacotherapy?” Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 21 (2001): 302S-318S.
45. Onyeachonam FO., et al. “Diminazene aceturate-concentrations in tissues of dogs co-treated with oxytetracycline long acting”. Journal of Sustainable Veterinary and Allied Sciences1 (2021): 42-48.
46. Onyeachonam FO., et al. “Plasma kinetics profile of Nigerian indigenous dogs concurrently treated with diminazene aceturate and oxytetracycline long acting”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Analysis 1 (2022): 15-19.
47. Jennings FW. “Effect of tetracycline administration on the efficacy of diminazene aceturate therapy and prophylaxis in Trypanosoma brucei infections of mice”. Elsevier: Research in Veterinary medicine 2 (1987): 173-176.

Citation

Citation: Ezeibe FI., et al. “Oxytetracycline Long Acting: A Review".Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 8.4 (2024): 71-77.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2024 Ezeibe FI., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.