OP Bansal*

Chemistry Department, D.S. College, Aligarh, India

*Corresponding Author: OP Bansal, Chemistry Department, D.S. College, Aligarh, India.

Received: August 14, 2023; Published: September 18, 2022

Abstract

Plastic which was first manufactured in the early 20th century became indispensable for human life in the second half of the 20th century as it makes daily life more manageable (buckets to the car of plastic were manufactured), but due to indiscriminate use in cleaning, packaging, cosmetics, pharmaceutical industry, automobile industry, construction etc. and mismanaged disposal has produces the number of unsolvable problems. Microplastics are plastic fragments of <5 mm size produced from plastic, textile fibres due to environmental factors. Microplastics detected in marine water, surface water, fresh water, wastewater, food, air, and drinking water (tap as well as bottled water) are the globally most hazardous environmental contaminants of the 21st century. Microplastic toxicity is not only due to particle size and chemicals but also due to pathogens present in the biofilm. On ingestion, these particles are accumulated in the intestinal wall, lymph nodes and other body organs in aquatic animals. Gastrointestinal ingestion (via seafood, water); pulmonary inhalation (via air) and dermal infiltration (via water) are the main pathways the human exposure. Developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity are reported in humans due to the accumulation of microplastic in the body. The toxicity depends on the particle size and composition of the polymer. The present study reports the different sources of microplastic and their distribution in aquatic environments (sea, fresh water, surface water, and wastewater) and their effect on aquatic ecosystems and their impact on human health.

Keywords: Microplastic; Ocean Water; Surface Water; Drinking Water; Aquatic Ecosystem; Human Health

References

1. Kye H., et al. “Microplastics in water systems: A review of their impacts on the environment and their potential hazards”. Heliyon 3 (2023): e14359.
2. Tursi A., et al. “Microplastics in aquatic systems, a comprehensive review: origination, accumulation, impact, and removal technologies”. RSC Advances 12 (2022): 28318.
3. Jiang J., et al. “Investigation and fate of microplastics in wastewater and sludge filter cake from a wastewater treatment plant in China”. Science of the Total Environment 746 (2020): 141378.
4. D’Avignon G., et al. “Microplastics in lakes and rivers: an issue of emerging significance to limnology”. Environment Review 30 (2022): 228-244.
5. Singh S., et al. “Microplastics in drinking water: a macro issue”. Water Supply 5 (2022): 5650.
6. Issac MN and Kandasubramanian B. “Effect of microplastics in water and aquatic systems”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28 (2021): 19544-19562.
7. The PEW Charitable Trusts.
8. Menéndez-Pedriza A and Jaumot J. “Interaction of Environmental Pollutants with Microplastics: A Critical Review of Sorption Factors, Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicological Effects”. Toxics2 (2020): 40.
9. Boyle K and Örmeci B. “Microplastics and Nanoplastics in the Freshwater and Terrestrial Environment: A Review”. Water9 (2020): 2633.
10. Baldwin AK., et al. “Microplastics in Lake Mead National Recreation Area, USA: Occurrence and biological uptake”. PLoS ONE5 (2020): e0228896.
11. Iannilli V., et al. “Plastic abundance and seasonal variation on the shorelines of three volcanic lakes in Central Italy: Can amphipods help detect contamination?” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (2020): 14711-14722.
12. Chatterjee S and Sharma S. “Microplastics in our oceans and marine health”. Field Actions Science Reports 19 (2019): 54-61.
13. Townsend KR., et al. “Associations between microplastic pollution and land use in urban wetland sediments”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26 (2019): 22551-22561.
14. Sharma S and Chatterjee S. “Microplastic pollution, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: a short review”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (2017): 21530-21547.
15. De Falco F., et al. “The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution”. Scientific Reports1 (2019): 6633.
16. Leal Filho., et al. “Riverine Plastic Pollution in Asia: Results from a Bibliometric Assessment”. Land 11 (2022): 1117.
17. Bansal OP. “Microplastic in the rivers and oceans and their impact: A review”. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research2 (2020): 37291-37298.
18. Khan FR., et al. “Acute and long-term toxicity of micronized car tire wear particles to Hyalella Azteca”. Aquatic Toxicology 213 (2019): 105216.
19. Xia R. “The biggest likely source of microplastics in California coastal waters?” Our car tires, The Loss Angeles Times, Oct 2, (2019).
20. Kanhai LDK., et al. “Deep sea sediments of the Arctic Central Basin: a potential sink for microplastics”. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 145 (2019): 137-142.
21. Weiss L., et al. “The missing ocean plastic sink: gone with the rivers”. Science 373 (2021): 107-111.
22. Zhang W., et al. “Spatio-temporal distribution of plastic and microplastic debris in the surface water of the Bohai Sea, China”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 158 (2020): 111343.
23. Caldwell J., et al. “Assessing meso- and microplastic pollution in the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 149 (2019): 110572.
24. Cheung PK., et al. “Spatio-temporal comparison of neustonic microplastic density in Hong Kong waters under the influence of the Pearl River Estuary”. Science of the Total Environment 628-629 (2018): 731-739.
25. Yuan Z., et al. “Human health concerns regarding microplastics in the aquatic environment- From marine to food systems”. Science of the Total Environment 823 (2022): 153730.
26. Gallo F., et al. “Marine litter plastics and microplastics and their toxic chemicals components: the need for urgent preventive measures”. Environmental Sciences Europe 30 (2018): 13.
27. Bikker J., et al. “Microplastics and other anthropogenic particles in the surface waters of the Chesapeake Bay”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 156 (2020): 111257.
28. Cordova MR., et al. “Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in the northern coastal waters of Surabaya, Indonesia”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 142 (2019): 183-188.
29. Singh S., et al. “Removal of microplastics from wastewater: available techniques and way forward”. Water Science and Technology 84 (2021): 3689-704.
30. Amrutha K and Warrier AK. “The first report on the source-to-sink characterization of microplastic pollution from a riverine environment in tropical India”. Science of the Total Environment 739 (2020): 140377.
31. Grbi´c J., et al. “Microplastics entering northwestern Lake Ontario are diverse and linked to urban sources”. Water Research 174 (2020): 115623.
32. Campanale C., et al. “A Detailed Review Study on Potential Effects of Microplastics and Additives of Concern on Human Health”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health4 (2020): 1212.
33. Crew A., et al. “Distribution, abundance, and diversity of microplastics in the upper St. Lawrence River”. Environmental Pollution 260 (2020): 113994.
34. Scherer C., et al. “Comparative assessment of microplastics in water and sediment of a large European river”. Science of the Total Environment 738 (2020): 139866.
35. Tien C., et al. “Microplastics in water, sediment and fish from the Fengshan River system: Relationship to aquatic factors and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fish”. Environmental Pollution 265 (2020): 114962.
36. Hitchcock JN. “Storm events as key moments of microplastic contamination in aquatic ecosystems”. Science of the Total Environment 734 (2020): 139436.
37. Mason S A., et al. “Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Bottled Water”. Frontiers in Chemistry 6 (2018): 389699.
38. Oßmann BE., et al. “Small-sized microplastics and pigmented particles in bottled mineral water”. Water Research 141 (2018): 307-316.
39. Duncan EM., et al. “Microplastic ingestion ubiquitous in marine turtles”. Global Change Biology2 (2019): 744-752.
40. Ma H., et al. “MPs in Aquatic Environments: Toxicity to Trigger Ecological Consequences”. Environmental Pollution 261 (2020): 114089.
41. Taha ZD., et al. “Microplastics in seawater and zooplankton: A case study from Terengganu estuary and offshore waters, Malaysia”. Science of the Total Environment 786 (2021): 147466.
42. Doyle D., et al. “Low levels of microplastics recorded from the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea on the west coast of Ireland”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 149 (2019): 110645.
43. Rist S., et al. “A critical perspective on early communications concerning human health aspects of microplastics”. Science of the Total Environment 626 (2018): 720-726.
44. Beer S., et al. “No increase in marine microplastic concentration over the last three decades - A case study from the Baltic Sea”. Science of the Total Environment 621 (2018): 1272-1279.
45. Zhao J., et al. “Microplastic pollution in sediments from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, China”. Science of the Total Environment 640-641 (2018): 637-645.
46. Galloway TS., et al. “Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem”. Nature Ecology and Evolution 1 (2017): 0116.
47. Nel HA., et al. “Sinks and sources: Assessing microplastic abundance in river sediment and deposit feeders in an Austral temperate urban river system”. Science of the Total Environment 612 (2018): 950-956.
48. Hurley RR., et al. “Ingestion of Microplastics by Freshwater Tubifex Worms”. Environmental Science and Technology 21 (2017): 12844-12851.
49. Berov D., et al. “Microplastics and floating litter pollution in Bulgarian Black Sea coastal waters”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 156 (2020): 111225.
50. Bertoldi C., et al. “First evidence of microplastic contamination in the freshwater of Lake Guaíba, Porto Alegre, Brazil”. Science of the Total Environment 759 (2021): 143503.
51. Bharath M., et al. “Microplastics as an emerging threat to the freshwater ecosystems of Veeranam Lake in south India: A multidimensional approach”. Chemosphere 264 (2021): 128502.
52. Blankson ER., et al. “Microplastics prevalence in water, sediment and two economically important species of fish in an urban riverine system in Ghana”. PLoS One 2 (2022): e0263196.
53. Caldwell J., et al. “Spatial and temporal analysis of meso- and microplastic pollution in the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 159 (2020): 111515.
54. Cho Y., et al. “Nationwide monitoring of microplastics in bivalves from the coastal environment of Korea”. Environmental Pollution 270 (2020): 116175.
55. Çullu AF., et al. “Microplastic contamination in surface waters of the Küçükçekmece Lagoon, Marmara Sea (Turkey): Sources and areal distribution”. Environmental Pollution 268 (Pt B) (2021): 115801.
56. Dris R., et al. “Sources and Fate of Microplastics in Urban Areas: A Focus on Paris Megacity”. In: Wagner, M., Lambert, S. (eds) Freshwater Microplastics . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 58. Springer, Cham (2018).
57. Eibes PM and Gabel F. “Floating microplastic debris in a rural river in Germany: Distribution, types and potential sources and sinks”. Science of the Total Environment 816 (2022): 151641.
58. Erdoğan Ş. “Microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems: A case study from Turkey”. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2 (2020): 213-221.
59. Eriksen M., et al. “Microplastic: What Are the Solutions?” In: Wagner, M., Lambert, S. (eds) Freshwater Microplastics. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry (2018): 58.
60. Felismino MEL., et al. “Microplastic and other anthropogenic microparticles in water and sediments of Lake Simcoe”. Journal of Great Lakes Research 47 (2021): 180-189.
61. Fischer EK., et al. “Microplastic pollution in lakes and Lake Shoreline sediments-acase study on Lake Bolsena and Lake Chiusi (central Italy)”. Environmental Pollution 213 (2021): 648-657.
62. González-Pleiter M., et al. “First detection of microplastics in the freshwater of an Antarctic Specially Protected Area”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 161 (B) (2020): 111811.
63. Gopinath K., et al. “Quantification of microplastic in Red Hills Lake of Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (2020): 33297-33306.
64. Irfan T., et al. “Plastic driven pollution in Pakistan: The first evidence of environmental exposure to microplastic in sediments and water of Rawal Lake”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (2020): 15083-15092.
65. Irfan M., et al. “An unintended challenge of microplastic pollution in the urban surface water system of Lahore, Pakistan”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (2020): 16718-16730.
66. Jian M., et al. “Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in China's largest freshwater lake system”. Chemosphere 261 (2020): 128186.
67. Karao˘glu K and Gül S. “Characterization of microplastic pollution in tadpoles living in small water-bodies from Rize, the northeast of Turkey”. Chemosphere 255 (2020): 126915.
68. Kor K and Mehdinia A. “Neustonic microplastic pollution in the Persian Gulf”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 150 (2020): 11066.
69. Kumar A., et al. “Distribution and characteristics of microplastics and phthalate esters from a freshwater lake system in Lesser Himalayas”. Chemosphere 283 (2021): 131132.
70. Lakshmanna B., et al. “Himalayan lakes can potentially become long-term sinks of microplastics”. India Water Portal 27 Aug (2022).
71. Lambert S., et al. “Microplastics Are Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Freshwater Environments: An Overview”. In: Wagner, M., Lambert, S. (eds) Freshwater Microplastics . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 58 (2018).
72. Lechthaler S., et al. “Baseline Study on Microplastics in Indian Rivers under Different Anthropogenic Influences”. Water 13 (2021): 1648.
73. Lestari P., et al. “Distribution of microplastics in Surabaya River, Indonesia”. Science of the Total Environment 726 (2020): 138560.
74. Li Z., et al. “Microplastic bioaccumulation in estuary-caught fishery resource”. Environmental Pollution 306 (2022): 119392.
75. Lin CT., et al. “Effects of anthropogenic activities on microplastics in deposit-feeders (Diptera: chironomidae) in an urban river of Taiwan”. Scientific Report 11 (2021): 400.
76. Liu R., et al. “Microplastic pollution in Yellow River, China: Current status and research progress of biotoxicological effects”. China Geology 4 (2021): 585-592.
77. Loayza E., et al. “Evidence of microplastics in water and commercial fish from a high-altitude mountain lake (Lake Titicaca)”. Peer Journal 10 (2022): e14112.
78. Malla-Pradhan R., et al. “Microplastic pollution in urban Lake Phewa, Nepal: The first report on abundance and composition in surface water of lake in different seasons”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 13 (2022): 39928-39936.
79. Malygina N., et al. “Microplastic pollution in the surface waters from plain and mountainous Lakes in Siberia, Russia”. Water 13 (2021): 2287.
80. Manbohi A., et al. “Microplastic pollution in inshore and offshore surface waters of the southern Caspian Sea”. Chemosphere 281 (2021): 130896.
81. Mason SA., et al. “High levels of pelagic plastic pollution within the surface waters of Lakes Erie and Ontario”. Journal of Great Lakes Research 46 (2020): 277-288.
82. Matjašič T., et al. “Microplastic pollution in small rivers along rural-urban gradients: Variations across catchments and between water column and sediments”. Science of the Total Environment 858 (2023): 160043.
83. Migwi FK., et al. “Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in the Surface Waters of Lake Naivasha, Kenya”. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 39 (2020): 765-774.
84. Oanh DT., et al. “Preliminary results on microplastics in surface water from the downstream of the Day River”. Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences 43 (2021): 1-11.
85. Oni BA., et al. “Comparing microplastics contaminants in (dry and raining) seasons for Ox-Bow Lake in Yenagoa, Nigeria”. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 198 (2020): 110656.
86. Ory NC., et al. “Factors influencing the spatial and temporal distribution of microplastics at the sea surface - A year-long monitoring case study from the urban Kiel Fjord, southwest Baltic Sea”. Science of the Total Environment 736 (2020): 139493.
87. Pan Z., et al. “Microplastic pollution and ecological risk assessment in an estuarine environment: The Dongshan Bay of China”. Chemosphere 262 (2021): 127876.
88. Park TJ., et al. “Occurrence of microplastics in the Han River and riverine fish in South Korea”. Science of the Total Environment 708 (2020): 134535
89. Parvin F., et al. “Risk assessment of microplastic pollution in urban lakes and peripheral Rivers of Dhaka, Bangladesh”. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 8 (2022): 100187.
90. Polanco H., et al. “The presence and significance of microplastics in surface water in the Lower Hudson River Estuary 2016-2019: A research note”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 161 (2020): 111702.
91. Preston-Whyte F., et al. “Meso- and microplastics monitoring in harbour environments: A case study for the Port of Durban, South Africa”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 163 (2021): 111948.
92. Ramadan AH and Sembiring E. “Occurrence of Microplastic in surface water of Jatiluhur Reservoir”. E3S Web of Conferences 148 (2020): 07004.
93. Robin RS., et al. “Holistic assessment of microplastics in various coastal environmental matrices, southwest coast of India”. Science of the Total Environment 703 (2020): 134947.
94. Russell M and Webster L. “Microplastics in sea surface waters around Scotland”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 166 (2021): 112210.
95. Sainio E., et al. “Microplastic ingestion by small coastal fish in the northern Baltic Sea, Finland”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 172 (2021): 112814.
96. Sathish MN., et al. “Monitoring of microplastics in the clam Donax cuneatus and its habitat in Tuticorin coast of Gulf of Mannar (GoM), India”. Environmental Pollution 266 (2020): 115219.
97. Sathish MN., et al. “Occurrence of microplastics in epipelagic and mesopelagic fishes from Tuticorin, Southeast coast of India”. Science of the Total Environment 720 (2020): 137614.
98. Sevwandi Dharmadasa WLS., et al. “Microplastic pollution in Marine Protected Areas of Southern Sri Lanka”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 168 (2020): 112462.
99. Silvestrova K and Stepanova N. “The distribution of microplastics in the surface layer of the Atlantic Ocean from the subtropics to the equator according to visual analysis”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 162 (2021): 111836.
100. Suteja Y., et al. “Spatial and temporal distribution of microplastic in surface water of tropical estuary: Case study in Benoa Bay, Bali, Indonesia”. Marine Pollution Bulletin4 (2021): 111979.
101. Ta AT and Babel S. “Microplastic contamination on the lower Chao Phraya: Abundance, characteristic and interaction with heavy metals”. Chemosphere 257 (2020): 127234.
102. Tavsanoglu UN., et al. “Microplastics in a dam lake in Turkey: Type, mesh size effect, and bacterial biofilm communities”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (2020): 45688-45698.
103. Turhan DÖ. “Evaluation of Microplastics in the Surface Water, Sediment and Fish of Sürgü Dam Reservoir (Malatya) in Turkey”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences7 (2020): TRJFAS20157.
104. Uurasjarvi E., et al. “Microplastic concentrations, size distribution, and polymer types in the surface waters of a northern European lake”. Water Environmental Research 92 (2020): 149-156.
105. Velasco ADJN., et al. “Microplastic and fibre contamination in a remote mountain lake in Switzerland”. Water 12 (2020): 2410.
106. Wakkaf T., et al. “Characterization of microplastics in the surface waters of an urban lagoon (Bizerte lagoon, Southern Mediterranean Sea): Composition, density, distribution, and influence of environmental factors”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 160 (2020): 111625.
107. Wang G., et al. “Seasonal variation and risk assessment of microplastics in surface water of the Manas River basin, China”. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 208 (2021): 111477-111477.
108. Wang SM., et al. “Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition in the mid-west Pacific Ocean”. Environmental Pollution 264 (2020): 114125.
109. Xiong X., et al. “Occurrence of microplastics in a pond-river-lake connection water system: How does the aquaculture process affect microplastics in natural water bodies?” Journal of Cleaner Production 352 (2022): 131632.
110. Xuan LQ., et al. “Removal of microplastics in different wastewater treatment processes in Harbin municipal wastewater treatment plants”. Acta Sci Circumstantiate 40 (2020): 3964-3970.
111. Yang L., et al. “Microplastics in the Koshi River, a remote alpine river crossing the Himalayas from China to Nepal”. Environmental Pollution 290 (2020): 118121.
112. Alfonso MB., et al. “First evidence of microplastics in nine lakes across Patagonia (South America)”. Science of the Total Environment 733 (2020): 139385.
113. Aytan U., et al. “Microplastic ingestion and egestion by copepods in the Black Sea. Science of the Total Environment 806 (2022): 150921.
114. Mao R., et al. “Microplastics in the surface water of Wuliangsuhai Lake, northern China”. Science of the Total Environment 723 (2020): 137820.
115. Atici AA. “The first evidence of microplastic uptake in natural freshwater mussel, Unio stevenianus from Karasu River, Turkey”. Biomarkers 27 (2022): 118-126.
116. Xu X., et al. “Microplastic pollution characteristic in surface water and freshwater fish of Gehu Lake, China”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28 (2021): 67203-67213.
117. Zhang DD., et al. “Microplastic pollution in water, sediment, and specific tissues of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) within two different breeding modes in Jianli, Hubei province, China”. Environmental Pollution 272 (2021): 115939.
118. Huang JS., et al. “Microplastic accumulation in fish from Zhanjiang mangrove wetland, South China”. Science of the Total Environment 708 (2020): 134839.
119. Wootton N., et al. “Microplastic in fish - A global synthesis”. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 31 (2021): 753-771.
120. Koraltan I., et al. “Effect of biological and environmental factors on microplastic ingestion of commercial fish species”. Chemosphere 303 (2022): 135101.
121. Mistri M., et al. “Microplastic accumulation in commercial fish from the Adriatic Sea”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 174 (2022): 113279.
122. Foo YH., et al. “Microplastic ingestion by commercial marine fish from the seawater of Northwest Peninsular Malaysia”. Peer Journal 10 (2022): e13181.
123. Khan HS and Setu S. “Microplastic Ingestion by Fishes from Jamuna River, Bangladesh”. Environment and Natural Resources Journal2 (2022): 157-167.
124. Gündo˘gdu S., et al. “Fish out, plastic in: Global pattern of plastics in commercial fishmeal”. Aquaculture 534 (2021): 736316.
125. Sparks C and Immelman S. “Microplastics in offshore fish from the Agulhas Bank, South Africa”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 156 (2020): 111216.
126. Li BW., et al. “Microplastics in fishes and their living environments surrounding a plastic production area”. Science of the Total Environment 727 (2020): 138662
127. Li Z., et al. “Distribution characteristics of microplastics in surface water and sediments of Haizhou Bay, Lianyungang”. Environmental Science 41 (2020): 3212-221.
128. Ruggero F., et al. “A highly efficient multi-step methodology for the quantification of micro- (bio) plastics in sludge”. Waste Management and Research 39 (2021): 956-965.
129. Golwala H., et al. “Solid waste: An overlooked source of microplastics to the environment”. Science of the Total Environment 769 (2021): 144581.
130. Wang Q., et al. “Microplastics in fish meals: An exposure route for aquaculture animals”. Science of the Total Environment 807 (2022): 151049.
131. Karbalaei S., et al. “Analysis and inorganic composition of microplastics in commercial Malaysian fish meals”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 150 (2020): 110687.
132. Yaranal NKA., et al. “Microplastics in Edible Salts and their Removal Strategy”. Publisher in “Abstracts of 1st International Symposium on Plastic Pollution: Removal, Analysis, and Risk Assessment of Microplastics (28^th-29^th October 2021). Organized by the University of Seoul, and Hanyang niversity, South Korea.
133. Perez-Venegas DJ., et al. “Monitoring the occurrence of microplastic ingestion in Otariids along the Peruvian and Chilean coasts”. Marine Pollution Bulletin 153 (2020): 110966.
134. Ding J., et al. “Towards Risk Assessments of Microplastics in Bivalve Mollusks Globally”. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10 (2022): 288.
135. Ding J., et al. “Microplastics in four bivalve species and basis for using bivalves as bioindicators of microplastic pollution”. Science of the Total Environment 782 (2021): 146830.
136. Liu QB. “Distribution of Microplastics and Their Uptake and Elimination in Zooplankton in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea”. Master Thesis 2020; Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China.
137. Barboza LGA., et al. “Microplastics in wild fish from North East Atlantic Ocean and its potential for causing neurotoxic effects, lipid oxidative damage, and human health risks associated with ingestion exposure”. Science of the Total Environment 717 (2020): 134625.
138. Lestari P., et al. “Investigation of microplastic ingestion in commercial fish from Surabaya River, Indonesia”. Environmental Pollution 331 (2023): 21807.
139. Ding J., et al. “An examination of the occurrence and potential risks of microplastics across various shellfish”. Science of the Total Environment 739 (2020): 139887.
140. Kühn S., et al. “Deleterious effects of litter on marine life”. M. Bergmann, L. Gutow, M. Klages (Eds.), Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Springer, (2015): 75-116.
141. Bråte ILN., et al. “Microplastics in marine bivalves from the Nordic environment”. Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerråd, (2020): 127.
142. Covernton GA., et al. “A Bayesian analysis of the factors determining microplastics ingestion in fishes”. Journal of Hazardous Materials 413 (2021): 125405.
143. Bessa F., et al. “Microplastics in gentoo penguins from the Antarctic region”. Scientific Report 9 (2019): 14191.
144. Mao X., et al. “The impact of microplastic pollution on ecological environment: a review”. Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Ed) 27 (2) (2022): 46.
145. Li Y., et al. “Research on the influence of microplastics on marine life”. Environmental Earth Sciences 631 (2021): 012006.
146. Zhang T., et al. “Current status of microplastics pollution in the aquatic environment, interaction with other pollutants, and effects on aquatic organisms”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 29.12 (2022): 1-30.
147. Mu X., et al. “Toxicity and behavioral response of zebrafish exposed to combined microplastic and bisphenol analogues”. Environmental Chemistry Letters 20 (2022): 41-48.
148. Senathirajah K., et al. “Estimation of the mass of microplastics ingested - A pivotal first step towards human health risk assessment”. Journal of Hazardous Materials 404 (Pt B) (2021): 124004.
149. Singh RP., et al. “Synthetic microfibers: Pollution toxicity and remediation”. Chemosphere 257 (2020): 127199.
150. Shruti V., et al. “First evidence of microplastic contamination in ready-to-use packaged food ice cubes”. Environmental Pollution 318 (2023): 120905.
151. Rahman A., et al. “Potential human health risks due to environmental exposure to nano- and microplastics and knowledge gaps: A scoping review”. Science of the Total Environment 757 (2020): 143872.
152. Kannan K and Vimalkumar K. “A review of human exposure to microplastics and insights into microplastics as obesogens”. Frontiers in Endocrinology 12 (2021): 724989.
153. Yang Y., et al. “Microplastics provide new microbial niches in aquatic environments”. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104 (2020): 6501-6511.
154. Lusher AL., et al. “Sampling, isolating and identifying microplastics ingested by fish and invertebrates”. Anal Methods 9 (2017): 1346-1360.
155. Ormsby RT., et al. “Evidence that Osteocyte Perilacunar Remodelling Contributes to Polyethylene Wear Particle Induced Osteolysis”. Acta Biomaterialia 33 (2016): 242-251.
156. Liang Y., et al. “Effects of microplastic fibers on soil aggregation and enzyme activities are organic matter dependent”. Frontiers in Environmental Science 9 (2021): e650155.
157. Sobhani Z., et al. “Chronic and transgenerational effects of polyethylene microplastics at environmentally relevant concentrations in earthworms”. Environmental Technology and Innovation 25 (2021): 102226.
158. Flaws J. “You’re literally eating microplastics. How you can cut down exposure to them”. Washington Post, 7 October, (2019).
159. Science Advice for Policy by European Academies (SAPEA). A Scientific Perspective on Microplastics in Nature and Society, Berlin, (2019).
160. Zhu L., et al. “Microplastic pollution in North Yellow Sea, China: observations on occurrence, distribution and identification”. Science of the Total Environment 636 (2018): 20-29.

Citation

Citation: OP Bansal. “Microplastic in the Aquatic Environment and their Impact on Aquatic Organisms and Humans: A Review". Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 7.10 (2023): 34-55.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 OP Bansal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.