Microbiota in the Era of COVID-19. Correlation and Benefits
Mohamed Raslan1, Eslam MS1, Sara AR1 and Nagwa A Sabri2*
1Drug Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy - Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
*Corresponding Author: Nagwa A Sabri, Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy - Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Received:
June 06, 2022; Published: June 23, 2022
Abstract
Background: SARS-CoV-2 is considered one of the most widely spread viral infections globally. The relation between diminished gut microbiota and susceptibility to Corona virus 2019 infection is well correlated. We aimed to investigate of the correlation between gut microbiota imbalance and the development of several diseases including COVID-19 with suggestion of routes for restoring this imbalance in affected patients especially geriatric ones.
Discussion: Resulting immune disruption from COVID-19 infection can alter gut microbiota leading to dysbiosis and increases gut permeability leading to progression of secondary bacterial infections and bacterial pneumonia. Besides, dysbiosis may lead to development of inflammatory bowel diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Diet changes and supplementation can positively affect dysbiosis state.
Conclusion: Diets like cereals, fruits, vegetables, and whole grain cereal are main contributor in restoring gut microbiota balance, on the other hand, diets containing high fat content are unfavorable due to their negative effect on microbiota diversity. Moreover, massive use of antibiotics is not recommended and was proven to affect gut microbiota abundance and balance leading to several inflammatory diseases. Finally, probiotics and prebiotics are proven to regulate bacterial balance and reduce probability of bacterial and viral infections.
Keywords: COVID-19; Gut Microbiota; Antibiotics; Probiotics; Prebiotics; Crohn’s Disease
References
- Cao Y., et al. “Coronavirus disease 2019: a new severe acute respiratory syndrome from Wuhan in China”. Acta Virology 64 (2020): 245-250.
- Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Weekly Epidemiological Update, Data as received by WHO from national authorities, as of 10 am CEST 13 September (2020).
- Villapol S. “Gastrointestinal symptoms associated with COVID-19: impact on the gut microbiome”. Translational Research (2020): S1931-5244 (20)30199-7.
- Aktas B and Aslim B. “Gut-lung axis and dysbiosis in COVID-19”. Turkish Journal of Biology3 (2020): 265-272.
- CT C-J., et al. “ACE2 and Microbiota: Emerging Targets for Cardiopulmonary Disease Therapy”. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology6 (2015): 540-550.
- Jin X., et al. “Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms”. Gut (2020).
- Gu J., et al. “COVID-19: Gastrointestinal Manifestations and Potential Fecal-Oral Transmission”. Gastroenterology 6 (2020): 1518-1519.
- Thursby E and Juge N. “Introduction to the human gut microbiota”. Biochemistry Journal11 (2017): 1823-1836.
- Ostaff MJ., et al. “Antimicrobial peptides and gut microbiota in homeostasis and pathology”. EMBO Molecular Medicine10 (2013): 1-19.
- Nagpal Ravinder., et al. “Gut microbiome and aging: Physiological and mechanistic insights”. Nutrition and Healthy Aging4 (2018): 267-285.
- Ioannidis JPA., et al. “Population-level COVID-19 mortality risk for non-elderly individuals overall and for non-elderly individuals without underlying diseases in pandemic epicenters”. medRxiv (2020).
- Khatiwada S and Subedi A. “Lung microbiome and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Possible link and implications”. Human Microbiome Journal 17 (2020): 100073.
- Fan J., et al. “The lung tissue microbiota features of 20 deceased patients with COVID-19”. Journal of Infection (2020): S0163-4453 (20): 30429-30431.
- Gu S., et al. “Alterations of the Gut microbiota in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 or H1N1 Influenza”. Clinical Infectious Disease10 (2020): 2669-2678.
- Zuo T., et al. “Alterations in Gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of hospitalization”. Gastroenterology (2020).
- Bradley KC., et al. “Microbiota-driven tonic interferon signals in lung stromal cells protect from influenza virus infection”. Cell Report1 (2019): 245-56.e4.
- Kanmani P., et al. “Respiratory commensal bacteria corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum improves resistance of infant mice to respiratory syncytial virus and streptococcus pneumoniae superinfection”. Frontiers in Microbiology 8 (2017): 1613.
- Kanne JP. “Chest CT findings in 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections from Wuhan, China: key points for the radiologist”. Radiology 295 (2020): 16-17.
- Ascella M., et al. “Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19)”. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing (2020).
- Huang C., et al. “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China”. Lancet 10223 (2020): 497-506.
- Wang J., et al. “Respiratory influenza virus infection induces intestinal immune injury via microbiota mediated T17 cell-dependent inflammation”. Journal of Experimental Medicine 12 (2014): 2397-2410.
- Wang H and Ma S. “The cytokine storm and factors determining the sequence and severity of organ dysfunction in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome”. American Journal of Emergency Medicine6 (2018): 711-715.
- Doig CJ., et al. “Increased intestinal permeability is associated with the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in critically ill ICU patients”. Pneumologie11 (1998): 441-451.
- Dickson RP., et al. “Enrichment of the lung microbiome with gut bacteria in sepsis and the acute respiratory distress syndrome”. Nature Microbiology10 (2017): 16113.
- Fanos V., et al. “Lung microbiota in the acute respiratory disease: from coronavirus to metabolomics”. Journal of Pediatric and Neonatal Individualized Medicine 9 (2020): 90139-90139.
- Rutten EPA., et al. “Disturbed intestinal integrity in patients with COPD: Effects of activities of daily living”. Chest 2 (2014): 245-252.
- Keely S., et al. “Pulmonary-intestinal crosstalk in mucosal inflammatory disease”. Mucosal Immunology 1 (2012): 7-18.
- Durack J and Lynch SV. “The gut microbiome: Relationships with disease and opportunities for therapy”. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1 (2019): 20-40.
- Zhu W., et al. “Precision editing of the gut microbiota ameliorates colitis”. Nature 553 (2018): 208-211.
- Quévrain E., et al. “Identification of an anti-inflammatory protein from Faecali bacterium prausnitzii, a commensal bacterium deficient in Crohn’s disease”. Gut 65 (2016): 415-425.
- Estruch R., et al. “Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts”. The New England Journal of Medicine 378 (2018): e34.
- Zhu W., et al. “Gut microbial metabolite TMAO enhances platelet hyperreactivity and thrombosis risk”. Cell 165 (2016): 111-124.
- Cusick MF., et al. “Molecular mimicry as a mechanism of autoimmune disease”. Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology 42 (2012): 102-111.
- Vatanen T., et al. “Variation in microbiome LPS immunogenicity contributes to autoimmunity in humans”. Cell 165 (2016): 842-853.
- Maeda Y and Takeda K. “Role of Gut Microbiota in Rheumatoid Arthritis”. Journal of Clinical Medicine 6 (2017): 60.
- Strati F., et al. “New evidences on the altered gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders”. Microbiome 5 (2017): 24.
- Tao Zuo., et al. “Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization”. Gastroenterology3 (2020): 944-955.e8.
- Clinical management of COVID-19 Interim Guidance - May 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization (2020).
- Bojana Beović., et al. “Antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19: a ‘snapshot’ Infectious Diseases International Research Initiative (ID-IRI) survey”. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy11 (2020): 3386-3390.
- Yang Q., et al. “Role of Dietary Nutrients in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review”. Nutrients 2 (2020): 381.
- Rowland I., et al. “Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components”. European Journal of Nutrition 57 (2018): 1-24.
- Lee H and Ko G. “Antiviral effect of vitamin A on norovirus Infect. via modulation of the gut microbiome”. Scientific Report 6 (2016): 25835.
- Wolters M., et al. “Dietary fat, the gut microbiota, and metabolic health-a systematic review conducted within the mynewgut project”. Clinical Nutrition 38 (2019): 2504-2520.
- Prajapati B., et al. “Investigation of chitosan for prevention of diabetic progression through gut microbiota alteration in sugar rich diet induced diabetic rats”. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 17 (2016): 173-184.
- Hills RD., et al. “Gut microbiome: profound implications for diet and disease”. Nutrients 11 (2019): 1613.
- Shah Bakht Ramin., et al. “Effects of prebiotic dietary fibers and probiotics on human health: With special focus on recent advancement in their encapsulated formulations”. Trends in Food Science and Technology 102 (2020): 178-192.
- Gagliardi A., et al. “Rebuilding the Gut Microbiota Ecosystem”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8 (2018): 1679.
- Chattopadhyay I and Shankar EM. “SARS-CoV-2-Indigenous Microbiota Nexus: Does Gut Microbiota Contribute to Inflammation and Disease Severity in COVID-19?”. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 11 (2021): 590874.
- Feride Karacaer., et al. “The function of probiotics on the treatment of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP): facts and gaps”. Journal of Medical Microbiology 66 (2017): 1275-1285.
Citation
Copyright