Reza Amiri*¹, Samira Hajatifard ² and Sina Amiri ³

¹Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Nargund College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India
²Rajiv Gandhi university of health science, Oxbridge college of pharmacy, Bangalore, India
³Jiroft university of medical science, Kerman, Iran

*Corresponding Author: Reza Amiri, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Nargund College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India.

Received: May 18, 2022; Published: June 14, 2022

Abstract

Background: We aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression as well as using antidepressant drugs among students at colleges affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

Methods: The study subjects were 428 pharmacology students of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences. Anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Results: Overall, 34.0% of students had anxiety signs. Also, 27.0% had mild, 11.0% had moderate and 7.0% had severe signs of depression. The most common antidepressant medications included Moclobemide or Clorgylime, tricyclic antidepressants, and otonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Living alone, relationship with friends and family, parental loss, body image, family income, fear of future life, exercise, alcohol intake, and smoking were the correlates of both depression and anxiety.

Conclusion: A significant number of students suffer from depression and anxiety leading psychological drugs usage. This psychological condition is potentially affected by their socioeconomic status and lifestyle.

Keywords: Student; Depression; Anxiety; Antidepressant; Lifestyle

References

1. Mao Y., et al. “A systematic review of depression and anxiety in medical students in China”. BMC Medical Education 19 (2019): 327-340.
2. Guthrie E., et al. “Psychological stress and burnout in medical students: a five-year prospective longitudinal study”. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 91 (1998): 237-243.
3. Quek TTC., et al. “The Global Prevalence of Anxiety Among Medical Students: A Meta-Analysis”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (2019): 2735.
4. Newbury-Birch D., et al. “Factors influencing alcohol and illicit drug use amongst medical students”. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 59 (2000): 125-130.
5. Dahlin M., et al. “Stress and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study”. Medical Education 39 (2005): 594-604.
6. Chandavarkar U., et al. “Anxiety symptoms and perceived performance in medical students”. Depression and Anxiety 24 (2007): 103-111.
7. Srivastava K., et al. “Psychological well-being of medical students”. MJAFI 63 (2007): 137-140.
8. Auerbach RP., et al. “WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 7 (2018): 623-638.
9. Hope V and Henderson M. “Medical student depression, anxiety and distress outside North America: a systematic review”. Medical Education 10 (2016): 963-979.
10. Bhave S and Nagpal J. “Anxiety and depressive disorders in college youth”. Pediatric Clinics of North America 1 (2005): 97-134.
11. Iqbal S., et al. “Stress, anxiety and depression among medical undergraduate students and their socio-demographic correlates”. Indian Journal of Medical Research 141 (2015): 354-357.
12. He L-M., et al. “Cross sectional study on mental health of 1655 minority medical students”. Soft Science Health 23 (2009): 294-297.
13. Modi K and Kumar D. “Anxiety and depression in medical students and its association with coping method adopted by them”. Indian Journal of Research and Reports in Medical Sciences 3 (2013): 20-22.
14. Bassi R., et al. “A study of correlation of anxiety levels with body mass index in new MBBS students”. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology 4 (2014): 208-2
15. Baxter AJ., et al. “The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010”. Psychology Medicine 44 (2014): 2363-2374.
16. Gururaj G., et al. “National Mental Health Survey of India, 2015-16: Prevalence, patterns and outcomes. Bengaluru, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences”. NIMHANS Publication 129 (2016).
17. Amritha K., et al. “Stressful life events-Effect on mental health of medical students”. Indian Journal of Medical Specialities 4 (2013): 254-258.
18. Mao Y., et al. “A systematic review of depression and anxiety in medical students in China”. BMC Medical Education 19 (2019): 327-340.
19. Sarkar S., et al. “A systematic review of depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students in India”. Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour 22 (2017): 88-96.
20. Sidana S., et al. “Prevalence of depression in students of a medical college in New Delhi: A cross-sectional study”. Australas Medical Journal5 (2012): 247-250.
21. Venkatesh PD., et al. “A study on the prevalence of depression among adolescent medical students, SS institute of medical sciences and research centre, Davangere, Karnataka”. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 5 (2014): 244-247.
22. Kumar GS., et al. “Prevalence of depression and its associated factors using beck depression inventory among students of a medical college in Karnataka”. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 54 (2012): 223-226.
23. Devi K., et al. “Study of psychological depression and its associated factors among medical students in Pondicherry”. Indian Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Research 2 (2013): 1009-1016.
24. Jadoon NA., et al. “Anxiety and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study”. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 8 (2010): 699-702.
25. Singh A., et al. “Prevalence of depression among medical students of a private medical college in India”. Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 9 (2010): 1-6.
26. Karaoglu N and Seker M. “Anxiety and depression in medical students related to desire for and expectations from a medical career”. The West Indian Medical Journal 59 (2010): 196-202.
27. Rab F., et al. “Rates of depression and anxiety among female medical students in Pakistan”. Eastern Mediterranean Health 14 (2008): 126-133.
28. Malik M., et al. “Prevalence of depression among Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D) Students: A descriptive cross-sectional study from Pakistan”. Panacea Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3 (2008): 99-120.
29. Sahu PC., et al. “Study of depression among medical students of different pathies in Nanded City, Maharashtra”. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2 (2013): 3978-3986.
30. Khan MS., et al. “Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and their associated factors among medical students in Karachi, Pakistan”. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 12 (2006): 583-586.
31. Bar-Haim Y., et al. “Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and non-anxious individuals: A meta-analytic study”. Psychology Bulletin 133 (2007): 1-24.
32. Taylor DJ., et al. “Epidemiology of insomnia, depression, and anxiety”. Sleep 28 (2005): 1457-1464.
33. Mellinger GD., et al. “Insomnia and its treatment. Prevalence and correlates”. Archives of Genetic Psychiatry 42 (1985): 225-232.
34. Thoits PA. “Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next?” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 35 (1995): 53-79.
35. Kendler KS., et al. “Caffeine intake, toxicity and dependence and lifetime risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders: An epidemiologic and co-twin control analysis”. Psychology Medicine 36 (2006): 1717-1725. 
36. Khantzian EJ. “The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications”. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 4 (1997): 231-244.
37. Chelben J., et al. “Effects of amino acid energy drinks leading to hospitalization in individuals with mental illness”. General Hospital Psychiatry 30 (2008): 187-189.
38. Luebbe AM and Bell DJ. “Mountain Dew or mountain don’t? A pilot investigation of caffeine use parameters and relations to depression and anxiety symptoms in 5^th - and 10^th -grade students”. Journal of School Health 79 (2009): 380-387.
39. Wang CW., et al. “Managing stress and anxiety through qigong exercise in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials”.BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 14 (2014): 8.
40. Wegner M., et al. “Effects of exercise on anxiety and depression disorders: review of meta-analyses and neurobiological mechanisms”. CNS and Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 13 (2014): 1002-1014.
41. Pickard M., et al. “Alcohol and drug use in second-year medical students at the University of Leeds”. Medical Education 34 (2000): 148-150.
42. Kumar GS., et al. “Prevalence of depression and its associated factors using beck depression inventory among students of a medical college in Karnataka”. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 54 (2012): 223-226.
43. Mancevska S., et al. “Depression, anxiety and substance use in medical students in the Republic of Macedonia”. Bratislavske Lekarske Listy 12 (2008): 568-572.
44. Trkulja V., et al. “Use of psychoactive substances among Zagreb University medical students: follow-up study”. Croatian Medical Journal1 (2003): 50-58.

Citation

Citation: Reza Amiri. “Anxiety, Depression and Antidepressant Drug Usage Among Indian College Students". Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 6.7 (2022): 05-15.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Reza Amiri. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.