Sepideh Khazeni* and Bahareh Bigdeli

Freelance Research Scientist, Australia

*Corresponding Author: Sepideh Khazeni, Freelance Research Scientist, Australia.

Received: November 01, 2021; Published: December 23, 2021

Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy in adults, with 5-year relative survival in approximately 55.6% of patients. MM is a multifactorial disease in terms of diagnosis and treatment. The main challenge with the disease is that MM is characterized by multiple relapses and remissions with shorter remission intervals. Recently, cell therapy has improved remission in patients with relapsed or refractory MM. While avoiding vaccines that contain live viruses, COVID-19 vaccination is highly recommended for patients with MM. Here, we aim to rapidly review the literature and point out the current clinical management of MM.

Keywords: Multiple Myeloma; CAR T-Cell Therapy; Double-Hit Mm; Triple-Hit MM; COVID-19 Management

References

1. “Cancer Stat Facts: Myeloma”. Surveillance Research Program (2021).
2. Gerecke C., et al. “The Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Myeloma”. Deutsches Arzteblatt International28 (2016): 470-476.
3. Firth J. “Haematology: multiple myeloma”. Clinical Medicine (London) 1 (2019): 58-60.
4. Brigle K and B Rogers. “Pathobiology and Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma”. Seminars in Oncology Nursing 3 (2017): 225-236.
5. Sergentanis TN., et al. “Risk Factors for Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses”. Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma and Leukemia 10 (2015): 563-577.
6. Wallin A and SC Larsson. “Body mass index and risk of multiple myeloma: A meta-analysis of prospective studies”. European Journal of Cancer 11 (2011): 1606-1615.
7. Wang X., et al. “Aberrant promoter methylation of p15INK4band p16INK4agenes may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis”. Tumor Biology 9 (2014): 9035-9043.
8. Rajkumar SV and S Kumar. “Multiple myeloma current treatment algorithms”. Blood Cancer Journal 9 (2020): 94.
9. Perrotta C., et al. “Multiple myeloma and farming. A systematic review of 30 years of research. Where next?” Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 1 (2008): 27.
10. LeMasters GK., et al. “Cancer Risk Among Firefighters: A Review and Meta-analysis of 32 Studies”. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 11 (2016).
11. Liu T., et al. “Occupational exposure to methylene chloride and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis”. Cancer Causes and Control 12 (2013): 2037-2049.
12. Lauta VM. “A review of the cytokine network in multiple myeloma”. Cancer10 (2003): 2440-2452.
13. Caers J., et al. “Neighboring adipocytes participate in the bone marrow microenvironment of multiple myeloma cells”. Leukemia 7 (2007): 1580-1584.
14. Ferlin M., et al. “Insulin-like growth factor induces the survival and proliferation of myeloma cells through an interleukin-6-independent transduction pathway”. British Journal of Haematology2 (2000): 626-634.
15. Went M., et al. “Identification of multiple risk loci and regulatory mechanisms influencing susceptibility to multiple myeloma”. Nature Communications 1 (2018): 3707.
16. Martino A., et al. “Impact of polymorphic variation at 7p15.3, 3p22.1 and 2p23.3 loci on risk of multiple myeloma”. British Journal of Haematology 6 (2012): 805-809.
17. Attal M., et al. “A prospective, randomized trial of autologous bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy in multiple myeloma. Intergroupe Français du Myélome”. New England Journal of Medicine 2 (1996): 91-97.
18. Burnette BL., et al. “Renal improvement in myeloma with bortezomib plus plasma exchange”. New England Journal of Medicine 24 (2011): 2365-2366.
19. Maiese EM., et al. “Comparative Efficacy of Treatments for Previously Treated Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Literature Review and Network Meta-analysis”. Journal of Clinical Therapy3 (2018): 480-494.
20. Kumar SK., et al. “Clinical course of patients with relapsed multiple myeloma”. Mayo Clinic Proceedings7 (2004): 867-874.
21. Richardson PG., et al. “Pomalidomide alone or in combination with low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a randomized phase 2 study”. Blood12 (2014): 1826-1832.
22. Cohen AD. “CAR T Cells and Other Cellular Therapies for Multiple Myeloma: 2018 Update”. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book 38 (2018): e6-e15.
23. Teoh PJ and WJ Chng. “CAR T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma: more room for improvement”. Blood Cancer Journal4 (2021): 1-18.
24. June CH and M Sadelain. “Chimeric antigen receptor therapy”. New England Journal of Medicine1 (2018): 64-73.
25. Dogan A., et al. “B-cell maturation antigen expression across hematologic cancers: a systematic literature review”. Blood Cancer Journal6 (2020): 73.
26. “Abecma (idecabtagene vicleucel)”. European Medicine Agency (2021).
27. “FDA Approves First Cell-Based Gene Therapy for Adult Patients with Multiple Myeloma” (2021).
28. Raje N., et al. “Anti-BCMA CAR T-Cell Therapy bb2121 in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma”. New England Journal of Medicine18 (2019): 1726-1737.
29. Munshi NC., et al. “Idecabtagene Vicleucel in Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma”. New England Journal of Medicine8 (2021): 705-716.
30. Jagannath S., et al. “KarMMa-RW: comparison of idecabtagene vicleucel with real-world outcomes in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma”. Blood Cancer Journal6 (2021): 1-9.
31. Roex G., et al. “Safety and clinical efficacy of BCMA CAR-T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma”. Journal of Hematology and Oncology1 (2020): 1-14.
32. Garfall AL., et al. “Chimeric antigen receptor T cells against CD19 for multiple myeloma”. New England Journal of Medicine11 (2015): 1040-1047.
33. Garfall AL., et al. “Anti-CD19 CAR T cells with high-dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation for refractory multiple myeloma”. JCI Insight8 (2018): e120505.
34. Guo B., et al. “CD138-directed adoptive immunotherapy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells for multiple myeloma”. Journal of Cellular Immunotherapy1 (2016): 28-35.
35. Ramos CA., et al. “Clinical responses with T lymphocytes targeting malignancy-associated κ light chains”. The Journal of Clinical Investigation7 (2016): 2588-2596.
36. Murad JM., et al. “Manufacturing development and clinical production of NKG2D chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells for autologous adoptive cell therapy”. Cytotherapy7 (2018): 952-963.
37. Huang H., et al. “Current advances in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for refractory/relapsed multiple myeloma”. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B1 (2020): 29-41.
38. Wu C., et al. “Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies for multiple myeloma”. Journal of Hematology and Oncology1 (2019): 1-12.
39. Locatelli F and C Quintarelli. “The EURE‐CART project as a prototype model for CAR T‐cell immunotherapy in Europe”. Wiley Online Library (2018).
40. Timmers M., et al. “Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cell therapy in multiple myeloma: beyond B cell maturation antigen”. Frontiers in Immunology 10 (2019): 1613.
41. Ludwig H., et al. “Recommendations for vaccination in multiple myeloma: a consensus of the European Myeloma Network”. Leukemia1 (2021): 31-44.
42. Susek KH., et al. “Outcome of COVID-19 in multiple myeloma patients in relation to treatment”. European Journal of Haematology6 (2020): 751-754.
43. Wang B., et al. “A tertiary center experience of multiple myeloma patients with COVID-19: lessons learned and the path forward”. Journal of Hematology and Oncology1 (2020): 94.
44. Stampfer SD., et al. “Response to mRNA vaccination for COVID-19 among patients with multiple myeloma”. Leukemia (2021).
45. “Recommendations for anti-Covid-19 vaccination in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and related conditions, AL amyloidosis and other monoclonal gammopathies of clinical significance”. Myeloma Society (2021).
46. Lindsey Robert Baden., et al. “Prevention and Treatment of Cancer-Related Infections. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology”. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 7 (2016): 882-913.
47. Girmenia C., et al. “Management of infectious complications in multiple myeloma patients: Expert panel consensus-based recommendations”. Blood Reviews 34 (2019): 84-94.

Citation

Citation: Sepideh Khazeni and Bahareh Bigdeli “Rapid Review on Multiple Myeloma; Current Clinical Management". Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 6.1 (2022): 134-140.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Sepideh Khazeni and Bahareh Bigdeli. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.