V Amalan Stanley¹*, Murugan S², Ajeeth Kumar K³ and Rajni A²

¹Scientific and Academic Advisor, International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT), Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India
²Department of Eco Toxicology, International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT), Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India
³Department of Genetic Toxicology, International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT), Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding Author: V Amalan Stanley, Scientific and Academic Advisor, International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT), Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India.

Received: June 11, 2021; Published: June 30, 2021

Abstract

Endemic fluorosis has been a continuing public health concern in many countries worldwide. In spite of the ill effects of fluorosis especially among the growing children it has not been given much emphasis in reality and policy level efforts stop by merely providing alternative drinking water and that too not continued for long and without any concern on the quality of the water. In order to understand the current prevalence of endemic fluorosis in select districts of Tamil Nadu and to create awareness among the policy makers and also the victims a surveillance study was envisaged and executed. Based on the spot screening a heterogeneous group of children and adults from three districts of the Tamil Nadu state, vis-à-vis Dharmapuri, Karur and Dindigul, aged between 12 and 40 years were sampled for spot urine and blood samples. A total of 108 individuals were involved in the screening and study. The study shows that the presence of fluoride in the urine is higher among adults than the children, especially at higher concentrations of above 2 ppm. The range of plasma fluoride is less than 0.1 ppm to above 0.6 ppm. Adults have more plasma fluoride at the lowest concentration of less than 0.1 ppm, implying that remaining is being excreted. There is no correlation between the haemoglobin levels and the plasma and urinary fluoride levels. The levels of calcium among the tested subjects of both children and adult remain normal, implying that there is no calcium deficiency that could facilitate more fluoride binding in the mineralized tissues such as bones and teeth. With regard to the Alkaline phosphatase analysis the data explicitly show that there is higher levels of ALP among children. Correlation could not be made between the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, TSH levels and the incidence of fluorosis. It is concluded that hydrofluorosis as a public health concern is still persistent in these areas and therefore there is an urgent need to provide safe drinking water in those affected areas of endemic fluorosis.

Keywords: Endemic Fluorosis; Health Concern; Alkaline Phosphatase; Calcium

References

1. Susheela AK. “A treatise on fluorosis”. 1st ed. Delhi: Fluorosis Research and Rural Development Foundation; (2001): 63-80.
2. Choubisa SL., et al. “Endemic fluorosis in Rajasthan”. Indian Journal of Environmental Health4 (2001): 177-189.
3. Kannan SK., et al. “Assessment of fluoride contamination in groundwater using GIS, Dharmapuri district, Tamilnadu, India”. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology2 (2011): 1077-1085.
4. Choubisa SL. “Status of fluorosis in animals”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India, Section B- Biological Sciences 3 (2012): 331-339.
5. Choubisa SL. “A brief and critical review of endemic hydrofluorosis in Rajasthan, India - A Research Review”. Fluoride1 (2018): 13-33.
6. Choubisa SL. “Chronic fluoride intoxication (fluorosis) in tribes and their domestic animals”. International Journal of Environmental Studies 5 (1999): 703-716.
7. Choubisa SL. “Fluoridated ground water and its toxic effects on domesticated animals residing in rural tribal areas of Rajasthan (India)”. International Journal of Environmental Studies 2 (2007): 151-159.
8. Patel P., et al. “Dietary calcium intake influences the relationship between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25OHD) concentration and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration”. Archives of Disease in Childhood 319 (2016).
9. Teotia SPS., et al. “Endemic fluoride: Bones and teeth – update”. Indian Journal of Environmental Toxicology 1 (1991): 1-6.
10. APHA, AWWA, WPCF. American Public Health Assoc., American Water Works Assoc., Water Pollution Control Fed. “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water” (Ed Greenberg AE, Clesceri LS and Eaton AD), 18th Edition, Washington DC (1992).
11. Ahmed I., et al. “Correlation of F in drinking water with urine, plasma, and serum F levels in Pakistan”. Fluoride4 (2012): 384-388.
12. Ersoy IH., et al. “Effect of Endemic Fluorosis on Hematological Parameters”. Biological Traces of Elementary Research1-3 (2010): 22-27.
13. Uslu B. “Effects of fluoride on haemoglobin and haematocrit”. Fluoride 14 (1981): 38–41.
14. Olgar S., et al. “Effects of chronic Fluorosis on cardiovascular system in children”. 5th World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Cairns Convention Center, Cairns, Australia (2009): 21-26.
15. Patel PP., et al. “Association of dental and skeletal fluorosis with calcium intake and serum vitamin D concentration in adolescents from a region endemic for fluorosis”. Indian Journal of Endocrinology Metabolism1 (2017) 190-195.
16. Susheela AK., et al. “Prevention and control of fluorosis and linked disorders: Developments in the 21st Century - Reaching out to patients in the community and hospital settings for recovery”. Indian Journal of Medical Research5 (2018): 539-547.
17. Shashi A., et al. “Study on blood biochemical diagnostic indices for hepatic function biomarkers in endemic skeletal fluorosis”. Biological Trace Element Research 2 (2011): 803-814.
18. Xiong X., et al. “Dose-effect relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and damage to liver and kidney functions in children”. Environmental Research 1 (2007): 112-116.
19. Karthikeyan G., et al. “Contribution of fluoride in water and food to the prevalence of fluorosis in areas of Tamil Nadu in South India”. Fluoride3 (1996): 151-155.
20. Jolly SS., et al. “Human fluoride intoxication in Punjab”. Fluoride2 (1971): 64-79.
21. Stanley VA. “Epidemiology of fluorosis and environmental monitoring of fluoride in Ennore, Chennai”. PhD thesis submitted to the University of Madras (1997).
22. Mustafa DE., et al. “The relationship between the fluoride levels in drinking water and the schooling performance of children in rural areas of Khartoum State, Sudan”. Fluoride2 (2018): 102-113.
23. Bashash M., et al. “Prenatal fluoride exposure and cognitive outcomes in children at 4 and 6–12 years of age in Mexico”. Environmental Health Perspectives 9 (2017): 97-117.
24. Spittle B. “International differences in the recognition of non-skeletal fluorosis: a comparison of India and New Zealand”. Fluoride3 (2018): 199-205.
25. “Three pronged strategy to control fluorosis (Tamil Nadu)”. The Hindu, 12th August (2007).
26. Susheela KA. “Fluorosis management programme in India”. Current Science10 (1999): 1250-1256.

Citation

Citation: V Amalan Stanley., et al. “Hematological and Biochemical and Reflections in Some Selected Districts of Tamil Nadu that are Endemic for Fluorosis". Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 5.7 (2020): 171-179.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 V Amalan Stanley., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.