Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences (ASPS)(ISSN: 2581-5423)

Review Article Volume 4 Issue 11

Complementary Pharmacological Treatment and Therapeutic Prospects for COVID-19

Daphne Foust1, Shazia Tabassum Hakim2 and Joseph Angel de Soto2*

1Foust Medical Clinic, Paris, France
2School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math, Dine College, Arizona, USA

*Corresponding Author: Joseph Angel de Soto, School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math, Dine College, Arizona, USA.

Received: September 07, 2020; Published: October , 2020

×

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak has led to a world-wide pandemic that has infected over two million people and caused over one hundred thousand deaths. The virus first discovered in Wuhan China in Dec. 2019, seems to have originated either in the United States or the Guangdong province as early as September 2019. Infection by SARs-CoV-2 virus can lead to pneumonia and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for this disease.

Objective: This review focuses on the mechanism of action of a representative sampling of some of the most promising pharmacological approaches to treating COVID-19 based pneumonia and the related cytokine storm.

Results: The current medications showing promise either focus in interfering with the viral life cycle or interfering with the cytokine storm that leads from pneumonia to ARDs.

Conclusion: Developing therapeutics interfering with the viral lifecycle, modulating the cytokine storm and protecting the end organs show promise in significantly reducing the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19.

Keywords: Covid-19; Therapeutics; Antiviral; Cytokine Storm; Therapy; Treatment; Pharmacological; SAR-CoV-2

×

References

  1. Forster P., et al. “Phylogenetic Network Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America17 (2020): 9241-9243.
  2. Ceraolo C and Giorgi FM. “Genomic Variance of the 2019-nCoV Coronavirus”. Journal of Medical Virology (2020).
  3. Liu Y., et al. “The Reproductive Number of COVID-19 is Higher Compared to SARs Coronavirus”. Journal of Travel Medicine2 (2020).
  4. Rothe C., et al. “Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany”. New England Journal of Medicine 382 (2020): 970-971.
  5. Zou L., et al. “SARs-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients”. New England Journal of Medicine 382 (2020): 1177-1179.
  6. Zhou F., et al. “Clinical Course and Risk Factors for Mortality of Adult Inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Cohort Study”. Lancet 395 (2020): 1054-1062.
  7. van Doremalen N., et al. “Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1”. New England Journal of Medicine 382 (2020): 1564-1567.
  8. Li Q., et al. “Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China of Novel Coronavirus - Infected Pneumonia”. New England Journal of Medicine (2020).
  9. Guan W., et al. “Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China”. New England Journal of Medicine 382 (2020): 1708-1720.
  10. Yang J., et al. “Prevalence of Comorbidities in the Novel Wuhan Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis”. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 94 (2020): 91-95.
  11. Jensen AV., et al. “Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus in Community Acquired Pneumonia: A Prospective Cohort Study”. Clinical Infectious Disease12 (2017): 2091–2098.
  12. Fadnini GP., et al. “Prevalence and Impact of Diabetes Among People Infected with SARS-CoV-2”. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation (2020).
  13. Yki-Järvinen H., et al. “Severity, duration, and mechanisms of insulin resistance during acute infections”. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2 (1989): 317-323.
  14. Yang JK., et al. “Binding of SARS Coronavirus to its Receptor Damages Islets and Causes Acute Diabetes”. Acta Diabetologica 47 (2010): 193–199.
  15. Luzi L and Radaelli. “Influenza and Obesity: its Odd Relationship and the Lessons for COVID-19 Pandemic”. Acta Diabetologica 57 (2020): 759–764.
  16. Nie W., et al. “Obesity Survival Paradox in Pneumonia: A Meta -Analysis”. BMC Medicine (2014).
  17. Kahlon S., et al. “Obesity and Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with Pneumonia”. Infectious Diseases 19 (2013): 709-716.
  18. Ye Q., et al. “Cytokine storm in COVID-19 and Treatment”. Journal of Infection6 (2020): 607-613.
  19. Carella MA., et al. “Pharmacological Approach and Therapeutic Options for SARs-CoV-2 Infection”. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews (2020).
  20. Subedi S., et al. “Infliximab and Biosimilar Infliximab in Psoriasis: Efficacy, Loss of Efficacy and Adverse Events”. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 13 (2019): 2491-2502.
  21. Hamming I., et al. “Tissue Distribution of ACE2 Protein, the Functional Receptor for SARS Coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS Pathogenesis”. Journal of Pathology 203 (2004): 631-637.
  22. Shereen MA., et al. “COVID-19 Infection: Origin, Transmission, and Characteristics of Human Corona Virus”. Journal of Advanced Research 24 (2020): 91-98.
  23. Yao H., et al. “Patient - derived Mutations Impact Pathogenicity of SARs-CoV-2”. medRxiv (2020).
  24. Min J and Jang YJ. “Macrolide Therapy in Respiratory Viral Infections”. Mediators of Inflammation (2012).
  25. Schogler A., et al. “Novel Antiviral Properties of Azithromycin in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelial Cells”. Cystic Fibrosis (2014).
  26. Gielen V., et al. “Azithromycin Induces Anti-Viral Responses in Bronchial Epithelial Cells”. European Respiratory Journal 36 (2010): 646-654.
  27. Blazek K., et al. “IFN-λ Resolves Inflammation via Suppression of Neutrophil Infiltration and IL1-β Production”. The Journal of Experimental Medicine6 (2015): 845-853.
  28. Xue J., et al. “Chloroquine is a Zinc Ionophore”. PLOS one (2014).
  29. Wang QL., et al. “Ginsenoside Rg1 Regulates SIRT1 to Reduce Sepsis Induced Lung Inflammation and Injury Via Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Inflammation”. Mediators of Inflammation (2019).
  30. Gao J., et al. “Breakthrough: Chloroquine Phosphate has Shown Apparent Efficacy in Treatment of COVID-19 Associated Pneumonia in Clinical Studies”. BioScience Trends1 (2020): 72-73.
  31. Liu J., et al. “Hydroxychloroquine, a Less Toxic Derivative of Chloroquine, is Effective in Inhibiting SARS-COV-2 Infection in Vitro”. Cell Discovery (2020).
  32. Yao X., et al. “In Vitro Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 15 (2020): 732–739.
  33. Borba M., et al. “Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjuvant Therapy for Patients Hospitalized with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection - A Randomized Clinical Trial. Infectious Diseases”. JAMA (2020).
  34. Smee DF., et al. “Intracellular metabolism of favipiravir (T-705) in uninfected and influenza A (H5N1) virus-infected cells”. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2009).
  35. Du YX and Chen XP. “Favipiravir: Pharmacokinetics and Concerns About Clinical Trials for 2019-nCoV Infection”. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (2020).
  36. Cai Q., et al. “Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir for COVID-19”. Engineering (2020).
  37. Shiraki K., et al. “Favipiravir, an Anti-influenza Drug Against Life Threatening RNA Virus Infections”. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 209 (2020).
  38. Mastrangelo E., et al. “Ivermectin is a Potent Inhibitor of Flavivirus Replication Specifically Targeting NS3 Helicase Activity: New Prospects for and Old Drug”. Journal of Antimicrobe Chemotherapy 67 (2020): 1884-1894.
  39. Canga AG., et al. “The Pharmacokinetics and Interactions of Ivermectin in Humans - A Mini-review”. AAPS Journal (2007).
  40. Agostini ML., et al. “Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease”. mBIO (2018).
  41. Ohmagari JG., et al. “Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe COVID-19”. New England Journal of Medicine (2020).
  42. Silverman E., et al. “New Data on Gileads Remdesivir, Released by Accident, Show No Benefit for Coronavirus Patients”. STAT (2020).
  43. Herod MR., et al. “The Broad -Spectrum Anti-Viral Drug Arbidol Inhibits Foot-and-Mouth Virus Genome Replication”. Journal of General Virology9 (2019).
  44. Fink SL., et al. “The Anti-Viral Drug Arbidol Inhibits Zika Virus”. Scientific Reports (2018).
  45. Zhu Z., et al. “Arbidol Monotherapy is Superior to Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Treating COVID-19”. Journal of Infection2 (2020).
  46. Deng L., et al. “Arbidol combined with LPV/r versus LPV/r alone against Corona Virus Disease 2019: A retrospective cohort study”. Journal of Infection (2020).
  47. Dong L., et al. “Discovering Drugs to Treat Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)”. Drug Discoveries and Therapeutics 1 (2020): 58-60.
  48. Hemlia H. “Zinc Lozenges and the Common Cold: A Meta-Analysis Comparing Zinc Acetate and Zinc Gluconate, and the Role of Zinc Dosage”. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine5 (2017).
  49. Skrajnowska D and Bobrowska-Korczak B. “Role of Zinc in Immune System and Anti-Cancer Defense Mechanisms”. Nutrients 11 (2019): 2273.
  50. Kaushik N., et al. “Zinc Salts Block Hepatitis E Replication by Inhibiting the Activity of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase”. Journal of Virology (2017).
  51. Canna SW., et al. “Making sense of the cytokine storm: a conceptual framework for understanding, diagnosing, and treating hemophagocytic syndrome”. Pediatric Clinics of North America (2012).
  52. Contassot E., et al. “Interleukin-1, inflammasomes, autoinflammation and the skin”. Swiss Medical Weekly (2012).
  53. Monteagudo LA., et al. “Continuous Intravenous Anakinra Infusion to Calm the Cytokine Storm in Macrophage Activation Syndrome”. ACR Open Rheumatology (2020).
  54. Hong D., et al. “Interleukin 1 Inhibition with Ankinra in Adult -Onset Still Disease: A Meta-Analysis of its Efficacy and Safety”. Drug Design, Development, and Therapy 8 (2014): 2345-2357.
  55. O’Shea JJ., et al. “Back to the Future: Oral Targeted Therapy for RA and Other Autoimmune Diseases”. Nature Review Rheumatology 9 (2013): 1713-1782.
  56. Alunno A., et al. “Pathogenic and Therapeutic Relevance of JAK/STAT Signaling in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Integration of Distinct Inflammatory Pathways and the Prospect of Their Inhibition with an Oral Agent”. Cells 8 (2019): 898.
  57. Choy EHS., et al. “The Effect of JAK1/JAK2 Inhibition in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Efficacy and Safety of Baricitnib”. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 37 (2019): 694-704.
  58. Navarro-Milan I., et al. “Systemic Review of Tocilizumab for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A New Biologic Targeting the Interleukin-6 Receptor”. Clinical Therapy 4 (2012): 788-802.
  59. Sheppard M., et al. “Tocilizumab”. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics (2017).
  60. Bastard JP., et al. “Evidence for a Link Between Adipose Tissue Interleukin-6 Content and Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Obese Subjects”. Circulation 99 (1999).
  61. Genovese MC., et al. “Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: The tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study”. Arthritis and Rheumatism10 (2008): 2968-2980.
  62. Emery P., et al. “Safety and tolerability of subcutaneous sarilumab and intravenous tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis”. Rheumatology 5 (2019): 849-858.
  63. Korneev KV., et al. “TLR-signaling and proinflammatory cytokines as drivers of tumorigenesis”. Cytokine 89 (2017).
  64. Wang J., et al. “A Systemic Review on the Efficacy and Safety of Infliximab in Patients with Psoriasis”. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics2 (2016).
  65. Cheon JA. “Understanding the Complications of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy in East Asian Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease”. Journal of Gastoenterology and Hepatology 32 (2017): 769-777.
  66. Zhao S., et al. “Review of Biosimilar Trials and Data on Adalimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis”. Current Rheumatology Reports 10 (2018): 57.
  67. Lewandowska K., et al. “The Role of Melatonin and Melatonin Receptor Agonist in the Prevention of Sleep Disturbances and Delirium in Intensive Care Unit - A Clinical Review”. Sleep Medicine 69 (2020): 127-134.
  68. Lewis SR., et al. “Melatonin for the Promotion of Sleep in Adults in Intensive Care Unit”. The Cochrane Data Base of Systematic Review (2018).
  69. Foley HM and Steel AE. “Adverse events associated with oral administration of melatonin: A critical systematic review of clinical evidence”. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 42 (2018): 65-81.
  70. Mehta P., et al. “COVID-19: Consider Cytokine Storm Syndromes and Immunosuppression”. Lancet 395 (2020): 1034-1035.
  71. Russell CD., et al. “Clinical Evidence Does Not Support Corticosteroid Treatment for 2019-nCoV Lung Injury”. Lancet 395 (2020): 473-475.
  72. Ni Y., et al. “The Effect of Corticoid Steroids on Mortality of Patients with Influenza Pneumonia A Systematic Review and Meta -Analysis”. Critical Care 23 (2019): 99.
  73. Zhang W., et al. “Anti-inflammation Treatment of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): from the Perspective of Clinical Immunologist”. Clinical Immunology (2019).
  74. Weis SM and Cheresh DA. “Pathophysioloigcal Consequences of VEGF-iInduced Vascular Permeability”. Nature 437 (2005): 597-504.
  75. Barrat S., et al. “Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress”. Respiration 87 (2014): 329-342.
  76. Hamada S., et al. “Protective Effect of Bevacizumab on Chemotherapy -Related Acute Exacerbation of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Advanced Non-Squamous Non-Cell Lung Cancer”. BMC Pulmonary Medicine (2019).
  77. Semenza GL. “A new weapon for attacking tumor blood vessels”. New England Journal of Medicine19 (2008): 2066-2067.
  78. Zhao D., et al. “A Comparative Study on the Clinical Features of COVID-19 Pneumonia to Other Pneumonias”. Clinical Infectious Disease15 (2020): 756–761.
  79. Zhang JJ., et al. “Clinical Characteristics of 140 Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan China”. Allergy (2020).
  80. Liu J., et al. “Overlapping and Discrete Aspects of the Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis of the Emerging Human Pathogenic Coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and 2019-nCoV”. Medical Virology (2020).
×

Citation

Citation: Joseph Angel de Soto., et al. “Complementary Pharmacological Treatment and Therapeutic Prospects for COVID-19". Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 4.11 (2020): .




Metrics

Acceptance rate32%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In




News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is November 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"
  • Welcoming Article Submission
    Acta Scientific delightfully welcomes active researchers for submission of articles towards the upcoming issue of respective journals.

Contact US