Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences (ASPS)(ISSN: 2581-5423)

Review Article Volume 4 Issue 5

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): An Update on Infection, Diagnosis, Control and Prevention

Bijayanta Sircar*

PhD Scholar, Laboratory of Microbiology and Experimental Medicine, Department of Zoology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, India

*Corresponding Author: Bijayanta Sircar, Ph D Scholar, Laboratory of Microbiology and Experimental Medicine, Department of Zoology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, India.

Received: April 05, 2020; Published: May 04, 2019

×

Abstract

  The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19 and more than two million people have infected by the virus worldwide. Human-to-human transmission is the main reason for its rapid spread internationally. Published data from the recent studies on COVID-19 were collected from different official websites and SCI and non-SCI journals, following electronic retrieval process. The SARS-CoV-2 showed several life-threatening infections, in the community as well as health care settings. Up to date, there is no specific drug of choice to treat COVID-19. As per the WHO suggestion, in order to combat COVID-19 related global clinical issues, some mitigation strategies including self-isolation recommended. This review-based study inspects the issues on COVID-19 and its emerging global infection burden, epidemiology, detection, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, control and prevention.

Keywords:Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Coronaviral Pneumonia; Human-To-Human Transmission; COVID-19; Anti-Coronaviral Agents; Quarantine; Lockdown

×

References

  1. Yuen KS., et al. “SARS‑CoV‑2 and COVID‑19: The most important research questions”. Cell and Bioscience40 (2020): 1-5.
  2. Wei Q., et al. “Description of the first strain of 2019-nCoV, C-Tan-nCoV Wuhan Strain”. National Pathogen Resource Center, China Weekly 6 (2020): 81-82.
  3. Zhong N., et al. “Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People's Republic of China, in February, 2003”. The Lancet 9393 (2003):1353-1358.
  4. Kong W., et al. “Chest Imaging Appearance of COVID-19 Infection”. Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging1 (2020).
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2020).
  6. Zhou S., et al. “CT Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia in 62 Patients in Wuhan, China”. American Journal of Roentgenology 214 (2020): 1-8.
  7. Pan F., et al. “Time Course of Lung Changes On Chest CT During Recovery From 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia”. Radiology (2020).
  8. “Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report - 93”. World Health Organization (2020).
  9. “Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report - 51”. World Health Organization (2020).
  10. Lu X., et al. “SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children”. The New England Journal of Medicine (2020).
  11. Xu X., et al. “Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission”. Science China Life Sciences 63 (2020): 457-460.
  12. Li F., “Evidence for a Common Evolutionary Origin of Coronavirus Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Subunits”. Journal of Virology5 (2012): 2856-2858.
  13. Hamming I., et al. “Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis”. Journal of Pathology 203 (2004): 631-637.
  14. Raoult D., et al. “Coronavirus infections: Epidemiological, clinical and immunological features and hypotheses”. Cell Stress (2020).
  15. Lam TTY., et al. “Identification of 2019-nCoV related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins in southern China”. Nature (2020).
  16. Zhang L., et al. “Origin and evolution of the 2019 novel coronavirus”. Clinical Infectious Diseases Ciaa (2020): 1-2.
  17. “Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations”. World Health Organization Scientific Brief (2020).
  18. Fan J., et al. “Epidemiology of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease-19 in Gansu Province, China, 2020”. Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal - CDC6 (2020): 1-8.
  19. Bai Y., et al. “Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19”. The Journal of the American Medical Association 21 (2020): E1-E2.
  20. Doremalen NV., et al. “Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1”. The New England Journal of Medicine (2020).
  21. “Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases”. World Health Organization Interim Guidance (2020).
  22. Guan WJ., et al. “Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China”. The New England Journal of Medicine (2020): 1-13.
  23. Zhou P., et al. “A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin”. Nature 579 (2020): 270-273.
  24. Bearman G., et al. “Novel coronavirus and hospital infection prevention: Preparing for the impromptu speech”. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology (2020): 1-2.
  25. “Household transmission investigation protocol for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)”. World Health Organization 2 (2020).
  26. “Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation update Report (India) - 12”. World Health Organization (2020).
  27. Xiang YT., et al. “Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed”. The Lancet (Psychiatry) 7 (2020).
  28. Chan JFW., et al. “A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster”. The Lancet 10223 (2020): 514-523.
  29. Shi H., et al. “Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study.” Lancet Infectious Disease 20 (2020): 425-434.
  30. Huang C., et al. “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China”. Lancet 395 (2020): 497-506.
  31. Chen N., et al. “Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study”. The Lancet 10223 (2020): 507-513.
  32. Inui S., et al. “Chest CT Findings in Cases from the Cruise Ship “Diamond Princess” with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)”. Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging 2 (2020).
  33. Muller NL., et al. “High-resolution CT findings of severe acute respiratory syndrome at presentation and after admission”. American Journal of Roentgenology 1 (2004): 39-44.
  34. “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Caring for Children”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020).
  35. Dong Y., et al. “Epidemiological and transmission patterns of pregnant women with 2019 coronavirus disease in China”. The Lancet (2020).
  36. Wang D., et al. “Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China”. The Journal of the American Medical Association 11 (2020):1061-1069.
  37. “AAO-HNS: Anosmia, Hyposmia, and Dysgeusia Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease”. American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2020).
  38. Eckert A., et al. “A novel coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Illustration 2020 (PHIL ID #23311)”. Public Health Image Library (PHIL) by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020).
  39. Jin YH., et al. “A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)”. Military Medical Research 4 (2020): 1-23.
  40. Hosseiny M., et al. “Radiology Perspective of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome”. American Journal of Roentgenology 214 (2020): 1-5.
  41. “Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans”. World Health Organization (2020).
  42. “Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19): situation report-30”. World Health Organization (2020).
  43. “Strategies to Optimize the Supply of PPE and Equipment”. CDC: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD)”. Division of Viral Diseases (2020).
  44. Vincent MJ., et al. “Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread”. Virology Journal69 (2005).
  45. Hoffmann M., et al. “SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor”. Cell 181 (2020): 1-10.
  46. Gao J., et al. “Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies”. Bio Science Trends 1 (2020): 72-73.
  47. Rao ASRS. “Identification of COVID-19 Can be Quicker through Artificial Intelligence framework using a Mobile Phone-Based Survey in the Populations when Cities/Towns Are under Quarantine”. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology (Cambridge University Press: 03 March 2020) 1-18.
  48. Arabi YM., et al. “Treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome with a combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon-β1b (MIRACLE trial): statistical analysis plan for a recursive two stage group sequential randomized controlled trial”. Trials 8 (2020): 1-8.
  49. Devaux CA., et al. “New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?”. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents (2020).
  50. Wang M., et al. “Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) In vitro”. Cell Research 30 (2020): 269-271.
  51. Gautret P., et al. “Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID‐19: results of an open‐label non‐randomized clinical trial”. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents (2020). 105949.
  52. Cao B., et al. “A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19.” The New England Journal of Medicine (2020): 1-13.
  53. Zhang J., et al. “Teicoplanin potently blocks the cell entry of 2019-nCoV”. Bio Rxiv Preprint (2020).
  54. “SARS: Clinical trials on treatment using a combination of Traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine”. Report of the WHO International Expert Meeting to review and analyse clinical reports on combination treatment for SARS 8-10 October 2003 (Beijing, People's Republic of China). World Health Organization, Geneva (2004): 1-194.
  55. Mishra S. “T cell epitope-based vaccine design for pandemic novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV across structural and non-structural proteins”. Chem Rxiv Preprint 06 (2020): 50.
  56. Casadevall A., et al. “The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19”. The Journal of Clinical Investigation4 (2020): 1545-1548.
  57. Kim E., et al. “Microneedle array delivered recombinant coronavirus vaccines: Immunogenicity and rapid translational development”. EBio Medicine (2020).
  58. Sekhar T. “Virtual Screening based prediction of potential drugs for COVID-19”. Preprints (2020).
  59. McCloskey B., et al. “Mass gathering events and reducing further global spread of COVID-19: a political and public health dilemma”. 395 (2020): 1096-1099.
  60. Ebrahim SH., et al. “Covid-19 and community mitigation strategies in a pandemic”. BMJ 1066 (2020): 1-2.
  61. Hien Lau BS., et al. “The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China”. Journal of Travel Medicine (2020).
  62. Teslya A., et al. “Impact of self-imposed prevention measures and short-term government intervention on mitigating and delaying a COVID-19 epidemic”. Preprint med Rxiv (2020).
  63. “Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report - 33”. World Health Organization (2020).
  64. Basiri MR. “Theory about Treatments and Morbidity Prevention of Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19)”. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology3 (2020): 89-90.
  65. “Medical Product Alert N°3/2020 Falsified medical products, including in vitro diagnostics that claim to prevent, detect, treat or cure COVID-19”. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring System for Substandard and Falsified Medical Products (2020).
×

Citation

Citation: Bijayanta Sircar. “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): An Update on Infection, Diagnosis, Control and Prevention". Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 4.5 (2020): 63-69.




Metrics

Acceptance rate32%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In




News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is July 10, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"
  • Welcoming Article Submission
    Acta Scientific delightfully welcomes active researchers for submission of articles towards the upcoming issue of respective journals.

Contact US