Abstract

  An array of recently published manuscript globally have proposed the stages of different pathogenic pathways in multiple sclerosis. These research were focused on both biopsy and autopsy. Based the review data on clinical, imaging and cerebrospinal fluid suggest that most of the cases were disseminated encephalomyelitis rather than MS pathogenesis. Cognitive impairment is a common and disabling feature of multiple sclerosis. It may contribute to withdrawal from work than physical disability. The article delivers the importance for early diagnosis and management of disabilities in MS, before it develops an irreversible entry.

Keywords:Multiple Sclerosis; Autopsy; Biopsy; Encephalomyelitis; Physical Disability

References

1. Till C., et al. “A feasibility study of working memory training for individuals with paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis”. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 8 (2019): 1177-1192.
2. Speer G. “Impact of vitamin D in neurological diseases and neurorehabilitation: from dementia to multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of multiple sclerosis]”. Ideggyogy Sz9-10 (2013): 293-303.
3. Ganji A., et al. “Therapeutic effects of walnut oil on the animal model of multiple sclerosis”. Nutritional Neuroscience 3 (2019): 215-222.
4. Waldman A., et al. “Pediatric multiple sclerosis: Clinical features and outcome”. Neurology9-2 (2016): S74-S81.
5. Kozhieva M., et al. “Primary progressive multiple sclerosis in a Russian cohort: relationship with gut bacterial diversity”. BMC Microbiology 1 (2019): 309.
6. Zeis T., et al. “Molecular pathology of Multiple Sclerosis lesions reveals a heterogeneous expression pattern of genes involved in oligodendrogliogenesis”. Experimental Neurology 305 (2018): 76-88.
7. Giorgio A and De Stefano N. “Effective Utilization of MRI in the Diagnosis and Management of Multiple Sclerosis”. Neurologic Clinics 1 (2018): 27-34.
8. Voet S., et al. “Microglia in Central Nervous System Inflammation and Multiple Sclerosis Pathology”. Trends in Molecular Medicine 2 (2019): 112-123.
9. Voller LM., et al. “Progressive and translucent plaques on the soles”. Cutis5 (2018): 310.
10. Wu J., et al. “Germline mutations of renal cancer predisposition genes and clinical relevance in Chinese patients with sporadic, early-onset disease”. Cancer7 (2019): 1060-1069.
11. Xie Y., et al. “Effects of moderate- versus high- intensity swimming training on inflammatory and CD4(+) T cell subset profiles in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice”. Journal of Neuroimmunology 328 (2019): 60-67.
12. Yamout BI., et al. “Safety and Efficacy of Rituximab in Multiple Sclerosis: A Retrospective Observational Study”. Journal of Immunology Research (2018): 9084759.
13. Yu FF., et al. “Characterization of normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis using quantitative susceptibility mapping in conjunction with diffusion tensor imaging”. Neuroradiology1 (2019): 71-79.
14. Charvet B., et al. “Induction of Proinflammatory Multiple Sclerosis-Associated Retrovirus Envelope Protein by Human Herpesvirus-6A and CD46 Receptor Engagement”. Frontiers in Immunology 9 (2018): 2803.
15. Cheng Y., et al. “Innate Immune Responses and Viral-Induced Neurologic Disease”. Journal of Clinical Medicine 1 (2018).
16. Costa C., et al. “Expression of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions”. The American Journal of Pathology 3 (2019): 665-676.
17. Demir S., et al. “Immune cell derived BDNF does not mediate neuroprotection of the murine anti-CD52 antibody in a chronic autoimmune mouse model”. Journal of Neuroimmunology 328 (2019): 78-85.
18. Di Pauli F and Berger T. “Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disorders: Toward a New Spectrum of Inflammatory Demyelinating CNS Disorders?” Frontiers in Immunology 9 (2018): 2753.
19. Kira JI., et al. “Anti-neurofascin autoantibody and demyelination”. Neurochemistry International 130 (2019): 104360.
20. Kohler C., et al. “Exploring individual multiple sclerosis lesion volume change over time: Development of an algorithm for the analyses of longitudinal quantitative MRI measures”. NeuroImage Clinical 21 (2019): 101623.
21. Giarola B., et al. “Autoimmune encephalitis following alemtuzumab treatment of multiple sclerosis”. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 28 (2019): 31-33.
22. Lassmann H. “Pathogenic Mechanisms Associated With Different Clinical Courses of Multiple Sclerosis”. Frontiers in Immunology 9 (2018): 3116.
23. McEneaney LJ and Tee AR. “Finding a cure for tuberous sclerosis complex: From genetics through to targeted drug therapies”. Advances in Genetics 103 (2019): 91-118.
24. Omerhodzic I., et al. “Relapsing Tumefactive Demyelination: A Case Report”. Acta Medica Academica 2 (2018):193-198.
25. Rigopoulou EI., et al. “Autoimmune hepatitis in patients with multiple sclerosis: The role of immunomodulatory treatment”. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 3 (2019): e25-e32.
26. Thompson KK., et al. “Tuftsin Combines With Remyelinating Therapy and Improves Outcomes in Models of CNS Demyelinating Disease”. Frontiers in Immunology 9 (2018): 2784.
27. Toader LE., et al. “Clinical and Histopathological Assessment on an Animal Model with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis”. Current Health Sciences Journal 3 (2018): 280-287.
28. “Corrigendum for Multiple Sclerosis: Associations Between Physical Disability and Depression Are Not Mediated by Self-Reported Physical Activity”. Percept Mot Skills (2019).
29. Abel S., et al. “Myelin Damage in Normal Appearing White Matter Contributes to Impaired Cognitive Processing Speed in Multiple Sclerosis”. Journal of Neuroimaging 2 (2019): 205-211.
30. Jafarzadeh A., et al. “Vitamin D down-regulates the expression of some Th17 cell-related cytokines, key inflammatory chemokines, and chemokine receptors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis”. Nutritional Neuroscience 10 (2019): 725-737.
31. Lloyd AF., et al. “Central nervous system regeneration is driven by microglia necroptosis and repopulation”. Nutritional Neuroscience 7 (2019): 1046-1052.
32. Lo Sasso B., et al. “Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis in Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis: An Update”. Medicina (Kaunas)6 (2019).

Citation

Citation: Gejalakshmi S and Harikrishnan N. “The Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis". Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 4.5 (2020): 15-18.