Mamadou Bountogo^1,2*, Eric Nebié^1,5,7, S Pascal Zabré¹, Seraphin Simboro¹, Ali Sié^1,3,4, Nicolas Meda² and Edouard Betsem⁶

¹Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso, Africa

*Corresponding Author: Mamadou Bountogo, Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso, Africa.

Received: August 04, 2022; Published: August 16, 2022

Abstract

Background: Pneumonia and diarrhea remain two leading causes of children under 5 years mortality. PCV-13 vaccine and rotavirus vaccine were introduced into the Burkina Faso EPI in 2013. Given the diversity of circulating serotypes and vaccine schedules, the WHO recommended an evaluation of their actual effectiveness after their introduction in different countries. This study, using an interrupted time series analysis, proposes to evaluate the effectiveness of PCV-13 and rotavirus vaccine on under 5 years mortality.

Methods: The study used interrupted time series designs with a pre-intervention period from 2009-2013 and a post-intervention period from 2014 to 2015.The monthly mortality rate ratio was the variable of interest. A generalized linear model was applied using log-transformed mortality rates as outcomes, with a Poisson distribution, adjusted.

Results: The infant mortality rate ratio was 0.84 (95% CI = 0.58-1.22, p = 0.37) 0.90 (95% CI = 0.70-1.15, p = 0.43), 0.84 (95% CI = 0.68;1.02, p = 0.09) on children aged 0-59 months, 0-11 months, 12-59 months, respectively. Although not statistically significant, the results in this study showed a 16% decrease in mortality in children aged 0-59 months

Conclusions: A positive effect of the newly introduced rotavirus and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine was observed in the current study and needs to be consolidated in a bigger population size.

Keywords: Childhood Mortality; Trend; Nouna HDSS; PCV-13; Rotavirus Vaccines

References

1. “Under-5 Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019”. Lancet (London, England) 398.10303 (2021): 870‑905.
2. Strategic Advisory Group of Experts WHO. “Meeting of the immunization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts, November 2006-conclusions and recommendations”. The Weekly Epidemiological Record 82.1 (2007): 16.
3. Strategic Advisory Group of Experts WHO. “Meeting of the immunization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts, April 2009-conclusions and recommendations”. The Weekly Epidemiological Record 84 (2009): 213‑236.
4. Gomez JA., et al. “Cost-effectiveness and cost utility analysis of three pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in children of Peru”. BMC Public Health 1 (2013): 1025.
5. Principi N., et al. “Prevention of Community-Acquired Pneumonia with Available Pneumococcal Vaccines”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 1 (2016): 30.
6. Cafiero-Fonseca ET., et al. “The full benefits of adult pneumococcal vaccination: A systematic review”. Borrow R, éditeur”. PLOS ONE10 (2017): e0186903.
7. Torres A., et al. “Pneumococcal vaccination: what have we learnt so far and what can we expect in the future?” European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 1 (2015): 19‑31.
8. Robinson JL. “Mise à jour sur la vaccination contre la méningococcie invasive chez les enfants et les adolescents canadiens”. Paediatrics and Child Health 1 (2018): e5‑9.
9. Cohen R., et al. “Dynamic of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in children with acute otitis media following PCV7 introduction in France”. Vaccine37 (2010): 6114‑6121.
10. Léophonte P., et al. “Rencontres et échanges sur les pathologies infectieuses respiratoires”. Libbey Eurotext (1995).
11. Singleton RJ., et al. “Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Caused by Nonvaccine Serotypes Among Alaska Native Children with High Levels of 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Coverage”. JAMA16 (2007): 1784.
12. Pichon B., et al. “Changes in Molecular Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae Causing Meningitis following Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination in England and Wales”. Journal of Clinical Microbiology3 (2013): 820‑827.
13. Groupe de travail scientifique de l’OMS. “Diarrhées à rotavirus et autres diarrhées virales”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 58 (1980): 539-557.
14. Sangaji MK., et al. “Etude épidémio-clinique des diarrhées aiguës à rotavirus chez les nourrissons à l’hôpital Jason Sendwe de Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo”. The Pan African Medical Journal (2015).
15. Senecal J. “Diarrhea in children in French West Africa”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 21 (1959): 321‑336.
16. Soares-Weiser K., et al. “Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3 (2019): CD008521.
17. Steele AD., et al. “Experiences with rotavirus vaccines: can we improve rotavirus vaccine impact in developing countries?” Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 6 (2019): 1215‑1227.
18. “Mesurer l’impact de la vaccination par les vaccins conjugués anti-Streptococcus pneumoniae et anti-Haemophilus influenzae type b". Programme élargi de vaccination (PEV) du Département Vaccination, Vaccins et Produits biologiques (2013).
19. Sartori AMC., et al. “Methods and challenges for the health impact assessment of vaccination programs in Latin America”. Revista de Saúde Pública (2015).
20. Faye PM., et al. “Impact of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Meningitis and Pneumonia Hospitalizations in Children aged < 5 Years in Senegal, 2010-2016”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2 (2019): S66‑71.
21. Kaboré L., et al. “Impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the incidence of hospitalizations for all-cause pneumonia among children aged less than 5 years in Burkina Faso: An interrupted time-series analysis”. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 96 (2020): 31‑38.
22. Yé M., et al. “An improved method for physician-certified verbal autopsy reduces the rate of discrepancy: experiences in the Nouna Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (NHDSS), Burkina Faso”. Population Health Metrics 1 (2011): 34.
23. Sié A., et al. “The Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) in Nouna, Burkina Faso, 1993-2007”. Global Health Action 1 (2010): 5284.
24. Lopez Bernal J., et al. “Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial”. International Journal of Epidemiology (2016): dyw098.
25. Setel PW., et al. “Validity of verbal autopsy procedures for determining cause of death in Tanzania”. Tropical Medicine and International Health 5 (2006): 681‑696.
26. Chandramohan D., et al. “Effect of misclassification of causes of death in verbal autopsy: can it be adjusted?” International Journal of Epidemiology 3 (2001): 509‑514.
27. Maude G. “The effect of different sensitivity, specificity and cause-specific mortality fractions on the estimation of differences in cause-specific mortality rates in children from studies using verbal autopsies”. International Journal of Epidemiology 5 (1997): 1097‑1106.
28. Vermunt JK., et al. Event History Analysis. In: Everitt BS, Howell DC, éditeurs. “Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science”. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd (2005).
29. Bocquier P., et al. “A training manual for event history data management using Health and Demographic Surveillance System data”. BMC Research Notes1 (2017): 224.
30. Silaba M., et al. “Effect of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the incidence of radiologically-confirmed pneumonia and clinically-defined pneumonia in Kenyan children: an interrupted time-series analysis”. Lancet Global Health3 (2019): e337‑346.
31. Diaz J., et al. “Effectiveness of the 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV-10) in Children in Chile: A Nested Case-Control Study Using Nationwide Pneumonia Morbidity and Mortality Surveillance Data”. Melo-Cristino J, éditeur”. Plos One 4 (2016): e0153141.
32. Eskola J., et al. “Efficacy of a Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine against Acute Otitis Media”. The New England Journal of Medicine 6 (2001): 403‑409.
33. Mackenzie GA., et al. “Efficacy of different pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedules against pneumonia, hospitalisation, and mortality: Re-analysis of a randomised trial in The Gambia”. Vaccine 21 (2014): 2493‑500.
34. Cutts F., et al. “Efficacy of nine-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in The Gambia: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial”. The Lancet9465 (2005): 1139‑1146.
35. Lucero MG., et al. “Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease and X-ray defined pneumonia in children less than two years of age”. Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group, éditeur”. Cochrane Database Systematic Review (2009).
36. Wahl B., et al. “Burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in children in the era of conjugate vaccines: global, regional, and national estimates for 2000-15”. Lancet Global Health7 (2018): e744‑757.
37. Kularatna S., et al. “Burden of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Sri-Lanka: Deriving a reasonable measure for vaccine introduction decision making”. Vaccine27 (2015): 3122‑3128.
38. Debellut F., et al. “Re-evaluating the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in 73 Gavi countries: a modelling study.” Lancet Global Health12 (2019): e1664‑1674.
39. Kilpi T., et al. “Protective Efficacy of a Second Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine against Pneumococcal Acute Otitis Media in Infants and Children: Randomized, Controlled Trial of a 7-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide-Meningococcal Outer Membrane Protein Complex Conjugate Vaccine in 1666 Children”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 9 (2003): 1155‑1164.
40. Atherly D., et al. “Rotavirus Vaccination: Cost‐Effectiveness and Impact on Child Mortality in Developing Countries”. The Journal of Infectious Diseases s1 (2009): S28‑38.
41. Bar-Zeev N., et al. “Population Impact and Effectiveness of Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccination in Urban Malawian Children 3 Years After Vaccine Introduction: Ecological and Case-Control Analyses”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2 (2016): S213‑219.
42. World_Malaria_Report (2020).
43. Suarez V., et al. “Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children morbidity and mortality in Peru: Time series analyses”. Vaccine 34.39 (2016): 4738‑4743.
44. Kaboré L., et al. “Pneumococcal Carriage in Burkina Faso After 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction: Results From 2 Cross-sectional Population-Based Surveys”. The Journal of Infectious Diseases12-2 (2021): S258‑266.
45. Wagner AK., et al. “Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research”. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 4 (2002): 299‑309.

Citation

Citation: Mamadou Bountogo., et al. “Trend in Childhood Mortality After Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV-13) and Rotavirus Vaccines Introduction in the Nouna Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Burkina Faso". Acta Scientific Paediatrics 5.9 (2022): 15-21.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Mamadou Bountogo., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.