Abstract

Background: Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy leads to poor neonatal development which has serious consequences during the later part of life. The aim of the study was to evaluate maternal and umbilical cord blood 25[OH] D concentrations and their association with birth weight.

Methods: Pre-delivery maternal venous blood within a week before delivery and paired matched neonatal cord blood samples were collected from 75 pregnant women. Serum 25[OH] D was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured by colorimetric methods.

Results: Mean maternal serum 25[OH] D was 46.45 ± 5.02 ng/ml, and cord blood 25[OH] D was 21.89 ± 2.27 ng/ml. The serum 25[OH] D level of the mothers and the neonates were significantly associated (P < 0.01) with a linear correlation coefficient of r = 0.49. The mean birth weight of neonates was 2.83 kg ± 0.38 and 22% of the neonates had low birth weight (LBW) (2.33 ± 0.17). Average birth weight of normal babies was 2.97 ± 0.30. The mean maternal 25[OH] D level of mothers with normal birth weight babies (n = 58; 77.33%) was significantly higher (50.41 ± 5.00 ng/mL) than that (28.24 ± 6.87 ng/mL) of mothers with LBW babies (p < 0.0001). There was a high degree of positive correlation between maternal 25[OH] D status with neonate’s birth weight (r = 0.593, p < 0.01).

Conclusion: The results obtained in this study show that there is significant correlation between maternal vitamin D with neonatal birth weight in a cross-sectional urban population of Bangladesh.

Keywords: Serum 25[OH] D; Pregnancy; Cord Blood; Low Birth Weight

References

1. Bouillon R., et al. “Association Structure-function relationships in the vitamin D endocrine system”. Endocrine Review2 (1995): 200-257.
2. Haddad JG. “Vitamin D--solar rays, the Milky Way, or both?” The New England Journal of Medicine18 (1992): 1213-1215.
3. Holick MF. “Vitamin D: A millenium perspective”. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2 (2003.): 296-307.
4. Rahman MM., et al. “Association of vitamin D and vitamin D binding protein (DBP) gene polymorphism with susceptibility of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh”. Gene 636 (2017): 42-47.
5. Thorne-Lyman A and WW Fawzi. “Vitamin D during pregnancy and maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 26 (2012): 75-90.
6. Javaid MK., et al. “Maternal and Seasonal Predictors of Change in Calcaneal Quantitative Ultrasound during Pregnancy”. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism9 (2005): 5182-5187.
7. Bodnar LM., et al. “High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in black and white pregnant women residing in the northern United States and their neonates”. Journal of Nutrition2 (2007): 447-452.
8. Clifton-Bligh RJ., et al. “Association Maternal vitamin D deficiency, ethnicity and gestational diabetes”. Diabetic Medicine6 (2008): 678-684.
9. Kovacs CS. “Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition2 (2008.): 520s-528s.
10. Camadoo L., et al. “Association Maternal vitamin D deficiency associated with neonatal hypocalcaemic convulsions”. Nutrition Journal 6 (2007): 23.
11. Kazemi A., et al. “High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in an Iranian population”. Journal of Women’s Health (Larchmt)6 (2009): 835-839.
12. Vandevijvere S., et al. “High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women: a national cross-sectional survey”. PLoS One8 (2012.): e43868.
13. Okonofua F., et al. “Parathyroid hormone and neonatal calcium homeostasis: evidence for secondary hyperparathyroidism in the Asian neonate”. Metabolism 9 (1986): 803-806.
14. Innes, A.M., et al. “Congenital rickets caused by maternal vitamin D deficiency”. Paediatric Child Health7 (2002.): 455-458.
15. McGrath JJ., et al. “Neonatal vitamin D status and risk of schizophrenia: a population-based case-control study”. Archives of General Psychiatry 9 (2010.): 889-894.
16. Grant KA., et al. “Maternal prenatal anxiety, postnatal caregiving and infants' cortisol responses to the still-face procedure”. Developmental Psychobiology 8 (2009): 625-637.
17. Camargo CA Jr., et al. “Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition3 (2007.): 788-95.
18. Lawson M., et al. “Dietary and lifestyle factors affecting plasma vitamin D levels in Asian children living in England”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition4 (1999): 268-272.
19. Aghajafari F., et al. “Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies”. BMJ 346 (2013): f1169.
20. Dawodu A and CL Wagner. “Mother-child vitamin D deficiency: an international perspective”. Archives of Disease in Childhood 9 (2007): 737-740.
21. Turpeinen U., et al. “Determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum by HPLC and immunoassay”. Clinical Chemistry9 (2003): 1521-1524.
22. Karras SN., et al. “Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy: the Mediterranean reality”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition8 (2014): 864-869.
23. Lu M., et al. “Association between vitamin D status and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis”. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics5 (2016): 959-966.
24. Hollis BW and CL Wagner. “New insights into the vitamin D requirements during pregnancy”. Bone Research 5 (2017): 17030.
25. við Streym S., et al. “Maternal and infant vitamin D status during the first 9 months of infant life—a cohort study”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition10 (2006): 1022-1028.
26. Skowronska-Jozwiak E., et al. “Effects of maternal vitamin D status on pregnancy outcomes, health of pregnant women and their offspring”. Neuro Endocrinology Letter5 (2014.): 367-372.
27. Kiely M., et al. “Vitamin D metabolite concentrations in umbilical cord blood serum and associations with clinical characteristics in a large prospective mother-infant cohort in Ireland”. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 167 (2017): 162-168.
28. Hagenau T., et al. “Global vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender, skin pigmentation and latitude: an ecologic meta-regression analysis”. Osteoporosis International1 (2009.): 133-140.
29. Mithal A., et al. “Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D”. Osteoporosis International11 (2009): 1807-20.
30. Islam MZ., et al. “Hypovitaminosis D is common in both veiled and nonveiled Bangladeshi women”. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition1 (2006.): 81.
31. Islam MZ., et al. “Vitamin D deficiency and low bone status in adult female garment factory workers in Bangladesh”. British Journal of Nutrition6 (2008.): 1322-1329.
32. Islam MZ., et al. “Vitamin D deficiency: a concern in premenopausal Bangladeshi women of two socio-economic groups in rural and urban region”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition1 (2002.): 51-6.
33. Ala-Houla M. “Maternal compared with infant vitamin D supplementation”. Archives of Disease in Childhood 58 (1983.): 573-574.
34. Reeve LE., et al. “Vitamin D of human milk: identification of biologically active forms”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition1 (1982.): 122-126.
35. Ala-Houhala, M. “25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels during breast-feeding with or without maternal or infantile supplementation of vitamin D”. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition2 (1985.): 220-226.
36. Cockburn F., et al. “Maternal vitamin D intake and mineral metabolism in mothers and their newborn infants”. British Medical Journal6232 (1980.): 11-14.
37. Karatekin G., et al. “Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in newborns with acute lower respiratory infection and their mothers”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition4 (2009.): 473-477.
38. Parlak M., et al. “Severe vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in Turkey”. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine5 (2015): 548-551.
39. Mannion CA., et al. “Association of low intake of milk and vitamin D during pregnancy with decreased birth weight”. CMAJ 9 (2005): 1273-1277.
40. Agbonlahor OJ and MA Emokpae. “Levels of Some Essential Elements in Pregnant Women and Association with Low Birth Weight of Babies in Benin City”. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition6 (2016): 585.

Citation

Citation: M Zakir Hossain Howlader., et al. “Association of Maternal Vitamin D with Neonatal Vitamin D Status and Birth Weight in Urban Population of Bangladesh: A Cross Sectional Study". Acta Scientific Paediatrics 3.12 (2020): 19-26.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 M Zakir Hossain Howlader., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.