Ray Marks*

Department of Clinical Research and Education, Osteoarthritis Research Center, Canada

*Corresponding Author: José Tomás Bravo, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Juán Noé Crevani, Arica, Chile.

Received: December 01, 2023; Published: December 14, 2023

Abstract

Background: Hip fracture injuries, surgery, preventive and rehabilitation efforts over the years have not yielded commensurate returns despite their laudable goals and great need.

Aim: This mini review aimed to examine 2023 data focusing on falls and recurrent falls as a possible and remediable key hip fracture determinant.

Methods: Available English language related papers published in 2023 and housed in key data bases were sought and examined for cohesive themes and their clinical implications.

Results: Although highly diverse, cumulative findings appear to support a need for more careful routine evaluation of falls risk factors among the elderly, plus efforts to reduce modifiable falls risks that induce hip fracture injuries. But what is distinctive or inseparable in this regard is hard to discern.

Conclusion: More carefully conceived preclinical as well as longitudinal studies of the possible mechanisms underpinning falls risk among larger more diverse samples of older adults of various ages plus commensurate societal investments in home and community based falls prevention efforts are strongly indicated.

Keywords: Aging; Falls; Falls Injuries; Hip Fractures; Prevention; Recurrent Falls

References

1. Sing Chor‐, et al. “Global epidemiology of hip fractures: secular trends in incidence rate, post‐fracture treatment, and all‐cause mortality”. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research(2023).
2. Johansen Antony., et al. “Standardization of global hip fracture audit could facilitate learning, improve quality, and guide evidence-based practice: an international study of hip fracture registries in 20 countries using the Fragility Fracture Network 2022 Minimum Common Dataset”. The Bone and Joint Journal9 (2023): 1013-1019.
3. Dong Yimin., et al. “What was the epidemiology and global burden of disease of hip fractures from 1990 to 2019? Results from and additional analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019”. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research6 (2023): 1209-1220.
4. Viganò Marco., et al. “Proximal hip fractures in 71,920 elderly patients: incidence, epidemiology, mortality and costs from a retrospective observational study”. BMC Public Health1 (2023): 1-10.
5. Alsayed Hassan D., et al. “Risk factors associated with falls among older adults with diabetes”. The European Journal of Public Health33, S2 (2023): ckad160.1718.
6. Ge Yufeng., et al. “Association between hip bone mineral density and mortality risk after hip fracture: a prospective cohort study”. Calcified Tissue International(2023): 1-9.
7. Shankar Kalpana N and Angel Li. "Older adult falls in emergency medicine, 2023 update”. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine4 (2023): 503-518.
8. Kakara Ramakrishna. "Nonfatal and fatal falls among adults aged ≥ 65 years-United States, 2020-2021”. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report72 (2023).
9. Yang ZC., et al. “Frailty Is a risk factor for falls in the older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging(2023): 1-9.
10. Ilic Irena., et al. “Epidemiology of hip fractures due to falls”. Medicina9 (2023): 1528.
11. Choi Namkee G., et al. “Recurrent falls over three years among older adults age 70+: associations with physical and mental health status, exercise, and hospital stay”. Journal of Applied Gerontology5 (2023): 1089-1100.
12. Shehu Enron., et al. “Sex differences in the burden of hip fractures on functional status in older age”. Journal of Women's Health 1 (2023): 57-62.
13. Meyer Anna C., et al. “The impact of hip fracture on geriatric care and mortality among older Swedes: mapping care trajectories and their determinants”. American Journal of Epidemiology1 (2023): 41-50.
14. Moreland Briana L., et al. “Hip fracture-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths by mechanism of injury among adults aged 65 and older, United States 2019”. Journal of Aging and Health5-6 (2023): 345-355.
15. Ardaneh Mahdieh., et al. “Falls leading to fracture and nutrition among older adults: a case-control study”. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition1 (2023): 1-6.
16. Appeadu Michael K and Bruno Bordoni. “Falls and fall prevention in the elderly”. StatPearls (2023).
17. Deulle Min Hye., et al. “Consequences of fall-induced hip fractures on cognitive function, physical activity, and mortality”. Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging 2006-2016”. Injury4 (2021): 993-940.
18. Liang Haixu and Ya Fang. “Longitudinal association between falls and motoric cognitive risk syndrome among community-dwelling older adults”. Geriatric Nursing 49 (2023): 1-7.
19. Gallagher Eleanor., et al. “Psychotropic medication use and future unexplained and injurious falls and fracture amongst community-dwelling older people: data from TILDA”. European Geriatric Medicine3 (2023): 455-463.
20. Barceló Montserrat., et al. “Indoor falls and number of previous falls are independent risk factors for long-term mortality after a hip fracture”. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research11 (2023): 2483-2490.
21. Biswas Isha., et al. “Health consequences of falls among older adults in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Geriatrics2 (2023): 43.
22. Kirk Ben., et al. “Diagnostic power of relative sit-to-stand muscle power, grip strength, and gait speed for identifying a history of recurrent falls and fractures in older adults”. European Geriatric Medicine(2023): 1-8.
23. Ge Mei-Ling., et al. “Order of onset of physical frailty and cognitive impairment and risk of repeated falls in community-dwelling older adults”. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association4 (2023): 482-488.
24. Leroy Victoire., et al. “The nebulous association between cognitive impairment and falls in older adults: a systematic review of the literature”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health3 (2023): 2628.
25. Lin Wei-Quan., et al. “Prevalence of falls, injury from falls and associations with chronic diseases among community-dwelling older adults in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional study”. Frontiers in Public Health11 (2023).
26. Muhammad T., et al. “Mediation of pain in the association of sleep problems with falls among older adults in India”. Scientific Reports1 (2023).
27. Donnell Desmond O., et al. “The 'Bermuda Triangle' of orthostatic hypotension, cognitive impairment and reduced mobility: prospective associations with falls and fractures in The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing”. Age and Ageing2 (2023).
28. Yuan Keming., et al. “Emergency department visits for alcohol-associated falls among older adults in the United States, 2011 to 2020”. Annals of Emergency Medicine(2023).
29. Ouyang Shuyi., et al. “Cataract, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy are independent risk factors affecting falls in the older adult with eye diseases”. Geriatric Nursing53 (2023): 170-174.
30. Bourke Robbie., et al. “Cardiovascular disorders and falls among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A(2023): glad221.
31. You Liuqing., et al. “Association between multimorbidity and falls and fear of falling among older adults in eastern China: a cross-sectional study”. Frontiers in Public Health 1146899 (2023).
32. Wang Shanshan., et al. “The association of cognitive frailty and the risk of falls among older adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis”. International Journal of Nursing Practice4 (2023): e13181.
33. Davies Katie., et al. “A prospective analysis examining frailty remission and the association with future falls risk in older adults in England”. Age and Ageing2 (2023): afad003.
34. Guo Xiaojing., et al. “Cognitive frailty as a predictor of future falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association1 (2023): 38-47.
35. Bally Esmée LS., et al. “Factors associated with falls among hospitalized and community-dwelling older adults: the APPCARE study”. Frontiers in Public Health11 (2023): 1180914.
36. Lohman Matthew C., et al. “Social mediators of the association between depression and falls among older adults”. Journal of Aging and Health7-8 (2023): 593-603.
37. Yang ZC., et al. “Frailty is a risk factor for falls in the older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging6 (2023): 487-595.
38. Zhou Jian., et al. “A prospective cohort study on the association between new falls and balancing ability among older adults over 80 years who are independent”. Experimental Gerontology180 (2023): 112259.
39. Hsieh Katherine L., et al. “Factors associated with falls in older adults: A secondary analysis of a 12-month randomized controlled trial”. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics108 (2023): 104940.
40. Rodrigues Renata G., et al. “Calf circumference predicts falls in older adults on hemodialysis”. Journal of Renal Nutrition2 (2023): 363-367.
41. Liu Xiao., et al. “Association of motor index scores with fall incidence among community-dwelling older people”. BMC Geriatrics1 (2022): 1008.
42. Cavusoglu Cagatay., et al. “Elasticity of leg muscles and incidence of falls in older adults: a prospective cohort analysis”. European Geriatric Medicine1 (2023): 79-87.
43. Feng Zhiqiang., et al. “The association between falls and depressive symptoms among older adults: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study”. Frontiers in Public Health1248551 (2023).
44. Monteiro Elma Lúcia de Freitas., et al. “Use of structural models to elucidate the occurrence of falls among older adults according to abdominal obesity: a cross-sectional study”. Sao Paulo Medical Journal1 (2023): 51-59.
45. Júnior Nelson Machado do Carmo., et al. “Sedative use and incidence of falls and hip fractures among older adults in an outpatient geriatric clinic”. Geriatrics, Gerontology and Aging17 (2023): 1-7.
46. Pantong Uraiwan., et al. “Analysis and prevention of falls among community‐dwelling older adults in southern Thailand”. Journal of Advanced Nursing(2023).
47. Alamri Sultan H., et al. “Falls and correlations among community-dwelling older adults: A Cross-sectional study in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia”. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences1 (2023): 109.
48. Wu Jia-Xin., et al. “The casual association inference for the chain of falls risk factors-falls-falls outcomes: a Mendelian randomization study”. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)13 1889. (2023).
49. Williams Carla T., et al. “Managing geriatric patients with falls and fractures”. The Orthopedic Clinics of North America3S (2023): e1-e12.
50. Soomar Salman Muhammad and Zeyanna Dhalla. “Injuries and outcomes resulting due to falls in elderly patients presenting to the Emergency Department of a tertiary care hospital - a cohort study”. BMC Emergency Medicine1 14.
51. Kim Kyoung Min., et al. “Cummings. "Recent fall and high imminent risk of fracture in older men and women”. Age and Ageing6 (2022): afac141.
52. Kelsey Jennifer L., et al. “Reevaluating the implications of recurrent falls in older adults: location changes the inference”. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society3 (2012): 517-524.
53. Peng Junyi., et al. “Characteristics of falls among older hip fracture patients from six Chinese hospitals: a post-hoc descriptive analysis”. BMC Geriatrics1 (2023): 284.
54. Hirase Tatsuya., et al. “Risk factors for falls and fall-related fractures in community-living older people with pain: a prospective cohort study”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health11 (2023): 6040.
55. Nagashima Yuko., et al. “Chronic pain in the lower extremities and low back is associated with recurrent falls in community-dwelling Japanese people aged 40-74 years”. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation(2023).
56. Zhang Yuan-Wei., et al. “Short report: relationship between self-reported sleep characteristics and falls-associated fractures in elderly individuals: a population-based study”. Psychology, Health and Medicine4 (2023): 946-954.
57. Aparecida Damasceno Daiane., et al. “Factors related to recurrent falls among older adults attending primary health care: a biopsychosocial perspective”. Experimental Aging Research(2023): 1-12.
58. Escosura Alegre Irene., et al. “Living conditions and the incidence and risk of falls in community-dwelling older adults: a multifactorial study”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health6 (2023): 4921.
59. Mai Ha., et al. “Frailty and risk of subsequent fracture among older adults presenting to hospital with a minimal trauma fracture”. Osteoporosis International2 (2023): 399-404.
60. Webster James., et al. “Nutritional strategies to optimise musculoskeletal health for fall and fracture prevention: looking beyond calcium, vitamin D and protein”. Bone Reports(2023): 101684.
61. Okoye Safiyyah M., et al. “Predictors of falls in older adults with and without dementia”. Alzheimer's and Dementia(2023).
62. Smith Cindi., et al. “Executive function and prospective falls: a 6-year longitudinal study in community-dwelling older adults”. BMC Geriatrics1 (2023): 140.
63. Qian Xing Xing., et al. “Post-hospital falls among the older population: the temporal pattern in risk and healthcare burden”. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association10 (2023): 1478-1483.
64. Armstrong Elizabeth., et al. “Do we understand each other when we develop and implement hip fracture models of care? A systematic review with narrative synthesis”. BMJ Open QualityS2 (2023): e002273.
65. Pantouvaki Anna., et al. “The effect of an exercise-based rehabilitation programme in functional recovery and prevention of secondary falls after a hip fracture in older adults: a systematic review”. Journal of Frailty, Sarcopenia and Falls 2 (2023): 118.
66. Trinh Vincent Quoc-Nam., et al. “Falls and fractures in the acute care setting: A retrospective cohort study”. Australasian Journal on Ageing3 (2023): 598-602.
67. Montero Odasso Manuel., et al. “World guidelines for falls prevention and management for older adults: a global initiative”. Age and Aging9 (2022): afac205.
68. Rocha Paula., et al. “Safety-promoting interventions for the older person with hip fracture on returning home: a systematic review”. International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing(2023): 101063.
69. Scheffers Barnhoorn Maaike N., et al. “Course of fear of falling after hip fracture: findings from a 12-month inception cohort”. BMJ Open3 (2023): e068625.
70. Kawaji Hiroyuki., et al. “Decennial trends in hip fractures over 20 years in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan”. Journal of Orthopaedic Science3 (2023): 621-626.

Citation

Citation: Ray Marks. “Hip Fracture and Falls Etiological Observations and Control Implications 2023: What is Needed and Why".Acta Scientific Orthopaedics 7.1 (2024): 18-25.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2024 Ray Marks. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.