Tittu Thomas James¹*, V SelvaGanapathy² and Pradnya Dhargave³

¹Physiotherapist, Physiotherapy Center, NIMHANS Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
²Senior Physiotherapist, Physiotherapy Center, NIMHANS Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
³Chief Physiotherapist, Physiotherapy Center, NIMHANS Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

*Corresponding Author: Tittu Thomas James, Physiotherapist, Physiotherapy Centre, NIMHANS Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Received: August 25, 2023; Published: October 16, 2023

Abstract

Background: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a devastating condition, caused by both traumatic and non-traumatic incidence. Achieving independent ambulation is commonly reported by the patients as their primary goal in SCI rehabilitation. Body Weight Support Treadmill Training (BWSTT) allows patient to perform task-specific gait training without overcompensating with the available motor function. Case reports on ASIA A SCI for identifying the effectiveness of BWSTT is scarce.

Case Presentation: This case report describes about a ten year old boy with a diagnosis of diagnosis of T4 ASIA-A complete paraplegia. After the surgical management of higher thoracic atrio-venous malformation, the patient requested the need for improving his therapeutic walking endurance in overcoming the activity limitation. After 90 sessions of BWSTT in four months, the six-minute walk distance recorded 66meters with minimal exertion, compared to 17meters he could achieve prior to training in BWSTT.

Conclusion: The BWSTT is a feasible alternative for over-ground gait training in complete SCI in view of providing task-specific functional training to improve ambulation and motivation for rehabilitation.

Keywords: Body Weight Support Treadmill Training; Spinal Cord Injury; Activity Limitation

References

1. Ruggiero MA., et al. “A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms”. PLoS ONE 10 (2015): e0119248.
2. Cazorla-Perfetti D. “El reino chromista”. Saber 30 (2018): 171-175.
3. Deng L., et al. “Epidemiology of Blastocystis infection in China: a systematic review”. Parasite 26 (2019): 41.
4. Cavalier-Smith T. “Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasizing periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences”. Protoplasma1 (2018): 297-357.
5. Zhang Q., et al. “Blastocystis Infection and Subtype Distribution in Domestic Animals in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA) in China: A Preliminary Study”. Parasitology International 81 (2021):
6. Mohammadpour I., et al. “First molecular subtyping and phylogeny of Blastocystis isolated from domestic and synanthropic animals (dogs, cats and brown rats) in southern Iran”. Parasites and Vectors 13 (2020): 365.
7. Audebert C., et al. “Animal, Herd and Feed Characteristics Associated with Blastocystis Prevalence and Molecular Diversity in Dairy Cattle from the North of France”. Parasitology 2 (2022): 45-53.
8. Maloney JG., et al. “Zoonotic and genetically diverse subtypes of Blastocystis in US preweaned dairy heifer calves”. Parasitology Research 118 (2019): 575-
9. Lei D., et al. “First report of Blastocystis in giant pandas, red pandas, and various bird species in Sichuan province, southwestern. China”. Parasites Wildlife 9 (2019): 298-304.
10. Ramírez JD., et al. “Geographic distribution of human Blastocystis subtypes in South America”. Infection Genetics and Evolution 41 (2016): 32-35.
11. Zhang W., et al. “Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and subtyping of Blastocystis in cancer patients: Relationship to diarrhea and assessment of zoonotic transmission”. Frontiers Microbiology 8 (2017): 1835.
12. Moosavi A., et al. “Genetic variability of Blastocystis isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in Iran”. Parasitology Research 111 (2012): 2311-2315.
13. Cian A., et al. “Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis in various animal groups from two French zoos and evaluation of potential zoonotic risk”. PLoS One 12 (2017): e0169659.
14. Stensvold CR and Clark CG. “Molecular identification and subtype analysis of Blastocystis”. Current Protocols in Microbiology 43 (2016): 20A.2.1-2.10.
15. Scanlan PD., et al. “Development and application of a Blastocystis subtype-specific PCR assay reveals that mixed-subtype infections are common in a healthy human population”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 12 (2015): 4071-4076.
16. Turkeltaub JA., et al. “The intestinal protozoa: emerging impact on global health and development”. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 1 (2015): 38-44.
17. Delshad A., et al. “Distribution and molecular analysis of Blastocystis subtypes from gastrointestinal symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Iran”. Africa Health Science3 (2020): 1179-1189.
18. Maloney JG., et al. “Identification and Molecular Characterization of Four New Blastocystis Subtypes Designated ST35-ST38”. Microorganisms 11 (2023):
19. Stensvold CR and Clark CR. “Pre-empting Pandora’s Box: Blastocystis Subtypes revisited”. Trends in Parasitology3 (2020): 229-232.
20. Salehi R., et al. “Genetic characterization of Blastocystis from poultry, livestock animals and humans in the southwest region of Iran-Zoonotic implications”. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 00 (2021): 1-8.
21. Gabr NS., et al. “Blastocystis Infection among ibs patients: various Diagnostic methods and epidemiological study”. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 48.1 (2018): 119-128.
22. Osorio-Pulgarin MI., et al. “Epidemiological and Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis Infection in Children Attending Daycare Centers in Medellín, Colombia”. Biology 10 (2021): 669.
23. Stensvold CR., et al. “Development and Evaluation of a Genus-Specific, Probe-Based, Internal-Process-Controlled Real-Time PCR Assay for Sensitive and Specific Detection of Blastocystis spp”. Journal of Clinical Microbiology6 (2012): 847-1851.
24. Khademvatan S., et al. “PCR-based molecular characterization of Blastocystis hominis subtypes in southwest of Iran”. Journal of Infection and Public Health 11 (2018): 43-47.
25. Jiménez PA., et al. “A summary of Blastocystis subtypes in North and South America”. Parasites and Vectors 12 (2019): 376.
26. Maloney JG., et al. “Blastocystis subtype distribution in domestic and captive wild bird species from Brazil using next generation amplicon Sequencing”. Parasite Epidemiology and Control 9 (2020): 00138.
27. El Deeb HK., et al. “Blastocystis hominis as a contributing risk factor for development of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women”. Parasitology Research 110 (2012): 2167-2174.
28. Javaherizadeh H., et al. “Distribution of haematological indices among subjects with Blastocystis hominis infection compared to controls”. Przeglad Gastroenterologiczny1 (2014): 38-42.
29. Aleaga Y., et al. “Asociación entre blastocistosis y anemia por déficit de hierro en mujeres embarazadas del municipio La Lisa, La Habana, Cuba”. Revista Cubana de Obstetricia y Ginecología3 (2019): e482.
30. El Deeb HK and Khodeer S. “Blastocystis : frequency and subtype distribution in iron deficiency anemic versus non-anemic subjects from Egypt”. Journal of Parasitology 99 (2013): 599-602.
31. Fonte L., et al. “Blastocistosis, Anemia and Pregnancy: Notes on a Barely known Health Problem”. Global Journal of Pathology and Microbiology 7 (2019): 1-3.
32. Scicluna SM., et al. “DNA barcoding of Blastocystis”. Protist 157 (2006): 77-85.
33. Mahande AM and Mahande MJ. “Prevalence of parasitic infections and associations with pregnancy complications and outcomes in north­ern Tanzania: a registry-based cross-sectional study”. BMC Infectious Diseases 16 (2016): 78-87.
34. Paranje S., et al. “Prevalence of intestinal parasites in pregnant woman”. Indian Journal of Microbiology Research4 (2020): 350-357.
35. Taghipour A., et al. “Global prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 115 (2020): 457-470.
36. Mor G., et al. “The unique immunological and microbial aspects of pregnancy”. Nature Reviews Immunology 17 (2017): 469-482.
37. Tay SCK., et al. “Parasitic infections and maternal anaemia among expectant mothers in the Dangme East District of Ghana”. BMC Research Notes 10 (2017):
38. Amir M., et al. “Maternal microbiome and infections in pregnancy”. Microorgan­isms 8 (2020): 3-21.
39. Tsoka-Gwegweni JM and Ntombela NP. “A double load to carry: para­sites and pregnancy”. Southern Africa Journal of Infectious Diseases 29 (2014): 52-55.
40. Getachew M., et al. “Anaemia and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Gilgel Gibe dam area, Southwest Ethiopia”. Parasites and Vectors 5 (2012): 296.
41. Rodríguez-Morales AJ., et al. “Intestinal parasitic infections among pregnant women in Vene­zuela”. Infectious Diseases Obstetrical and Gynecological (2006): 23125.
42. Espinosa AF., et al. “Prev­alence and risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections in pregnant women residing in three districts of Bogotá, Colombia”. BMC Public Health 18 (2018): 1-5.
43. Blackwell AD. “Helminth infection during pregnancy: insights from evolutionary ecology”. International Journal Womens Health 8 (2016): 651-661.
44. Deng L., et al. “New insights into the interactions between Blastocystis, the gut microbiota, and host immunity”. PLoS Pathogens 2 (2021): e1009253.
45. Fonte L., et al. “Blastocystosis And Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women. A Call to Deep in A Little-Known Association”. Journal of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine 5.2 (2021): 200-204.
46. Alegría RC., et al. “El tratamiento de la anemia por deficiencia de hierro durante el embarazo y el puerperio”. Rev Peru Ginecol Obstet. 2019;65:503-509.
47. British Columbia Guidelines. “Iron Deficiency - Diagnosis and Management”. (2019).
48. Liu D., et al. “Maternal Hemoglobin Concentrations and Birth Weight, Low Birth Weight (LBW), and Small for Gestational Age (SGA): Findings from a Prospective Study in Northwest China”. Nutrients 14 (2022): 858.
49. Stensvold CR. “Comparison of sequencing (barcode region) and sequence-tagged-site PCR for Blastocystis subtyping”. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 51 (2013): 190-194.
50. Skotarczak B. “Genetic diversity and pathogenicity of Blastocystis”. Annals Agricultural Environmental Medicine 3 (2018): 411-416.
51. Jupsa-Mbiandou S., et al. “Pathogenicity and non-opportunistic character of Blastocystis : a hospital-based survey in Central Cameroon”. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 12 (2018): 373-379.

Citation

Citation: Tittu Thomas James., et al. “Feasibility of Body Weight Support Treadmill Training for Addressing Activity Limitation in Higher Thoracic Complete Spinal Cord Injury-A Case Report".Acta Scientific Orthopaedics 6.11 (2023): 44-47.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 Tittu Thomas James., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.