Acta Scientific Orthopaedics (ISSN: 2581-8635)

Review Article Volume 6 Issue 7

An Update on Taurine: A Review Article

Karthick Balasubramanian1*, Ramya Ramasamy Sanjeevi1, Bashayer Ahmad Yahya Muaini2, Alhanoof Jarady Ali Aljabry2, Layla Ahmad Hosain Ahmad Jabreel2, Fullah Mohammed Musa Debaj2, Ganiah Ali Yahya Dabary Hazazy2 and Mashael Hassan Ali Ahmad Harbi2

1Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
2Interns, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

*Corresponding Author: Karthick Balasubramanian, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

Received: April 21, 2023; Published: June 26, 2023

Abstract

Background: The hand grip strength (HGS) assessment is important to understand the function and work capacity of the upper extremity. The hand gripping occurring during activities of daily living (ADLs). Therefore, assessing HGS is a critical component of upper limb functional assessment. HGS value has been shown as prognostic factor in different conditions in clinical settings and in general population. HGS assessment plays a key role in rehabilitation after hand injury and hand surgery. There are limited number of studies on HGS in Saudi Arabian population. To our knowledge, no study has been conducted in Jazan, Saudi Arabia on normative values of HGS among healthy females. Therefore, in this study we aimed to provide the normative values of HGS in healthy young females in Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 131 healthy females from 18-24 years of age were included from Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Information regarding the age, weight, height, BMI, and hand dominance were collected. HGS was measured by using a dynamometer in both dominant and non-dominant hands and the values are expressed in kilograms. The measurement was taken based on the standardized guidelines.

Results: The HGS showed incremental and significant increase as age progresses for both dominant and nondominant hands (F (6) = 15.4, P < 0.001) and (F (6) = 14.1, P < 0.001) respectively. There was no significant difference between dominant and non-dominant HGS (p > 0.05) in most of the age groups. HGS of dominant hand was positively and moderately correlated with age (r = 0.666 p < 0.01), positive and weak to moderate correlation with weight (r = 0.331 p < 0.01) positive and weak correlations with height (r = 0.195 p < 0.05) and BMI (r = 0.280 p < 0.01). Non-dominant HGS was positively and moderately correlated with age (r = 0.663 p < 0.01), positively and weakly correlated with height (r = 0.231 p < 0.01), weight (r = 0.287 p < 0.01) and BMI (r = 0.218 p < 0.05).

Conclusion: The study established the normal values of HGS stratified by age for young women in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. The results can be used as a reference value for rehabilitation of same age group.

Keywords:Hand Grip Strength (HGS); Dominant Hand; Non-Dominant Hand; Dynamometer; Saudi Arabia; Young Females

References

  1. Mitsionis G., et al. “Normative data on hand grip strength in a Greek adult population”. International Orthopaedics3 (2009): 713-717.
  2. Angst F., et al. “Prediction of grip and key pinch strength in 978 healthy subjects”. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 11 (2010): 94.
  3. Ferreira Andréa., et al. “Grip and pinch strength in healthy children and adolescents”. Acta Ortopédica Brasileira 19 (2011): 92-97.
  4. Klein LJ. “Evaluation of the hand and upper extremity. In: Fundamentals of hand therapy e-book: clinical reasoning and treatment guidelines for common diagnoses of the upper extremity”. St. Louis: Elsevier 12 (2014): 67-86.
  5. Massy-Westropp NM., et al. “Hand Grip Strength: age and gender stratified normative data in a population-based study”. BMC Research Notes 4 (2011): 127.
  6. Mathiowetz V. “Comparison of Rolyan and Jamar dynamometers for measuring grip strength”. Occupational Therapy International3 (2002): 201-209.
  7. Smidt N., et al. “Interobserver reproducibility of the assessment of severity of complaints, grip strength, and pressure pain threshold in patients with lateral epicondylitis”. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation8 (2002): 1145-1150.
  8. Fess EE. “Grip strength”. In: Clinical assessment recommendations. 2nd edition. Edited by: Casanova JS. Chicago: American Society of Hand Therapists (1992): 41-45.
  9. MacDermid J., et al. “Clinical assessment recommendations”. American Society of Hand Therapists (2015).
  10. Silventoinen K., et al. “Association of body size and muscle strength with incidence of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases: a population-based cohort study of one million Swedish men”. International Journal of Epidemiology1 (2009): 110-118.
  11. Mathiowetz V., et al. “Reliability and validity of grip and pinch strength evaluations”. The Journal of Hand Surgery2 (1984): 222-226.
  12. Mullerpatan R P., et al. “Grip and pinch strength: Normative data for healthy Indian adults”. Hand Therapy1 (2013): 11-16.
  13. Wang Y C., et al. “Hand-Grip Strength: Normative Reference Values and Equations for Individuals 18 to 85 Years of Age Residing in the United States”. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy9 (2018): 685-693.
  14. Lam NW., et al. “Normative data for hand grip strength and key pinch strength, stratified by age and gender for a multiethnic Asian population”. Singapore Medical Journal10 (2016): 578-584.
  15. Kim CR., et al. “Reference values for hand grip strength in the South Korean population”. PloS One4 (2018): e0195485.
  16. Steiber N. “Strong or weak handgrip? Normative reference values for the German population across the life course stratified by sex, age, and body height”. PLoS One10 (2016): e0163917.
  17. Adedoyin R., et al. “Reference Values for Handgrip Strength Among Healthy Adults in Nigeria”. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal 1 (2010).
  18. Alqahtani B., et al. “Reference values and associated factors of hand grip strength in elderly Saudi population: a cross-sectional study”. BMC Geriatrics 1 (2019): 271.
  19. Shaheen AAM., et al. “Normative values of handgrip and pinch strengths in healthy female college students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study”. Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy 26 (2021): 1.
  20. El-Gohary T M., et al. “Assessment of hand-grip and key-pinch strength at three arm positions among healthy college students: dominant versus non-dominant hand”. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences6 (2019): 566-571.‏
  21. Samuel B Green. “How Many Subjects Does It Take to do a Regression Analysis, Multivariate Behavioral Research”. 26.3 (1991): 499-510.
  22. Piumi Nakandala., et al. “Descriptive study of hand grip strength and factors associated with it in a group of young undergraduate students in university of peradeniya, sri lanka who are not participating in regular physical training”. International Journal of Physiotherapy 3 (2019): 82-88.
  23. Adedoyin RA., et al. “Reference values for handgrip strength among healthy adults in Nigeria”. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal1 (2009): 21-29.
  24. Mohammadian M., et al. “Normative data of grip and pinch strengths in healthy adults of Iranian population”. Iranian Journal of Public Health8 (2014): 1113-1122.
  25. Schlüssel M M., et al. “Reference values of handgrip dynamometry of healthy adults: A population-based study”. Clinical Nutrition4 (2008): 601-607.
  26. Amaral CA., et al. “Hand grip strength: Reference values for adults and elderly people of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil”. PLoS ONE1 (2019): e0211452.
  27. Nevill A M and Holder RL. “Modelling handgrip strength in the presence of confounding variables: results from the Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey”. Ergonomics10 (2000): 1547-1558.

Citation

Citation: Karthick Balasubramanian., et al. “Normative Values of Hand Grip Strength in Healthy Young females in Jazan, Saudi Arabia - A Cross Sectional Study”.Acta Scientific Orthopaedics 6.7 (2023): 79-84.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 Karthick Balasubramanian., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate33%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In



News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is September 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"
  • Welcoming Article Submission
    Acta Scientific delightfully welcomes active researchers for submission of articles towards the upcoming issue of respective journals.

Contact US