Brenda Luz Lima¹, Fabiana da Silva Cabral¹, Suzanne Soares de Jesus¹, Kamila Souza Santana² and Sidnei Jorge Fonseca Junior³*

¹Graduate Student in Physical Education, UNIABEU University Center, Brazil
²Physical Education and Sports School’s, UFRJ - Federal University of the Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
³CAp-UERJ, State University of the Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

*Corresponding Author: Sidnei Jorge Fonseca Junior, Professor, CAp-UERJ, State University of the Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Received: October 04, 2021; Published: November 25, 2021

Abstract

Endothelial dysfunction emerges as another possible component of the triad of female athletes (amenorrhea, osteoporosis and eating disorders). The objective of this study was to analyze in the scientific literature the recent information about endothelial dysfunction in women athletes of different sports modalities. Thus, an integrative literature review was carried out, with a systematic search in the PubMed databases and Virtual Health Library in 2018. Five articles were selected to integrate the discussion on endothelial dysfunction in female athletes. Studies are still very scarce, which makes scientific development with high-performance athletes more relevant and challenging. However, it was possible to observe that endothelial dysfunction should be on the agenda in the current discussions about the athlete's health because it is related to the appearance of dangerous vascular alterations. In this sense, it tends to be considered as another component of the triad of women athletes and there is a need for further studies, because apparently the prevalence of endothelial dysfunction seems to be high in sports modalities that require a low percentage of body fat with the origin of low energy availability and high training load for sports performance.

Keywords: Amenorrhea; Bone Density; Energy Intake; Eating Disorders; Physical Education and Training

References

1. Mantonelli G., et al. “Amenorrhea and Osteoporosis in Adolescent Athletes”. Nutrition Journal 3 (2002): 319-332.
2. Yeager KK., et al. “The female athlete triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise7 (1993): 775-777.
3. Nattiv A., et al. “American College of Sports Medicine Position stand The female athlete triad”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise10 (2007): 1867-1882.
4. Hoch AZ., et al. “Association Between the Female Athlete Triad and Endothelial Dysfunction in Dancers”. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine2 (2011): 119-125.
5. Elliot-Sale KJ., et al. “Endocrine Effectsof Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport”. International Journal of Nutrition Exercise and Metabolism 4 (2018): 335-349.
6. Ackerman KE., et al. “Low Energy Availability Surrogates Correlate with Health and Performance Consequences of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport”. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2 (2017).
7. Goolsby MA and Boniquit N. “Bone Health in Athletes: The Role of Exercise, Nutrition, and Hormones”. Sports Health2 (2017): 108-117.
8. Hale RW. “Factors important to women engaged in vigorous physical activity”. In: Strauss, R.H. Sports medicine. Philadelphia: WB Sauderes (1984): 258-263.
9. Heikura IA., et al. “Low Energy Availability is Difficult to Assess but Outcomes Have Large Impact on Bone Injury Rates in Elite Distance Athletes”. International Journal of Nutrition Exercise and Metabolism 4 (2018): 403-411.
10. Hoch AZ., et al. “The Female Athlete Triad and Cardiovascular Dysfunction”. Physical Medicine and Rehabiltation Clinical3 (2007): 385-400.
11. Lanser EM., et al. “The Female Athlete Triad and Endothelial Dysfunction”. American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 3 (2011): 458-465.
12. Zach KN., et al. “Advances in management of the female athlete triad and eating disorders”. Clinical Sports Medicine 30 (2011): 551-573.
13. Rickenlund A., et al. “Amenorrhea in Female Athletes Is Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction and Unfavorable Lipid Profile.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism3 (2011): 1354-1359.
14. Melin A., et al. “Energy Availability and The Female Athlete Triad in Elite Endurance Athletes”. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports5 (2015): 610-622.
15. Gooslby MA and Boniquit N. “Bone Health in Athletes: The Role of Exercise, Nutrition, and Hormones”. Sports Health2 (2017): 108-117.
16. Schächinger V., et al. “Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease”. Circulation16 (2000): 1899-1906.
17. Ross R. “The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s”. Nature6423 (1993): 801-809.
18. Folscher L., et al. “Ultra-Marathon Athletes at Risk for the Female Athlete Triad”. Sports Medicine Open (2015): 1-29.
19. Thein-Nissenbaun JM., et al. “Menstrual Irregularity and Musculoskeletal Injury in Female High School Athletes”. Journal of Athletic Training1 (2012): 74-82.

Citation

Citation: Sidnei Jorge Fonseca Junior., et al. “Endothelial Dysfunction in Women Athletes: Integrative Review of the Literature".Acta Scientific Orthopaedics 4.12 (2021): 39-41.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Sidnei Jorge Fonseca Junior., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.