Monica Tiberi¹, Sabrina Demarie²* and Marcello Faina³

¹Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale delle Marche Area Vasta 1 Pesaro District, Italy
²Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Italy
³CONI Servizi, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Rome, Italy

*Corresponding Author: Sabrina Demarie, Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy.

Received: August 09, 2021; Published: August 31, 2021

Abstract

  Water running is distinguished in two different form, shallow water running and suspended deep water running. Shallow water running is defined as running in water at the hip or breast depth with contact with the bottom of the pool while deep water running is intended as running without contact with the floor supported by a flotation device. They have been prescribed by physician and coaches as an alternative to land-based running as a rehabilitative treatment, as well as supplement to land based training regiments. However, higher metabolic responses have been reported for shallow water with respect to deep water running. Aim of the study was to assess individualized relative exercise intensity of water running at different stride frequency for young active female at the same water level (xiphoid level) once with ground contact in shallow water and once suspended in deep water by a buoyancy belt. In the present study running performed in deep and shallow water induced a similar metabolic expenditure at all exercise intensity. In conclusion, to exercise at a mainly aerobic intensity young active females should run in water at a stride frequency of about 50 cpm, which elicits more or less 35% of both HRmax and VO₂max. While for a mixed aerobic/anaerobic intensity water running should be performed at ~ 60 cpm, where HR corresponds to 50% of HRmax and VO₂ to 41/44% of VO₂max.

Keywords: Water Running; Shallow; Deep Water

References

1. Wilber RL., et al. “Influence of water run training on the maintenance of aerobic performance”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise8 (1996): 1056-1062.
2. Wilder RP and Brennan DK. “Techniques of Aqua Running”. Becker BE and Cole AJ (edition) Comprehensive Aquatic Therapy. Butterworth (2003).
3. Wilder RP., et al. “A standard measure for exercise prescription for aqua running”. The American Journal of Sports Medicine1 (1993): 45-48.
4. Davidson K and McNaughton L. “Deep water running training and road running training improve VO2 max in untrained women”. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research2 (2000): 191-195.
5. Broman G., et al. “Older women’s cardiovascular responses to deep-water running”. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity1 (2006): 29-40.
6. Chu KS., et al. “Water-based exercise for cardiovascular fitness in people with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial”. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation6 (2004): 870-874.
7. Pechter Ü., et al. “Beneficial effects of water-based exercise in patients with chronic kidney disease”. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research2 (2003): 153-156.
8. Assis MR., et al. “A randomized controlled trial of deep water running: clinical effectiveness of aquatic exercise to treat fibromyalgia”. Arthritis Care and Research: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology1 (2006): 57-65.
9. Izquierdo M., et al. “International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines”. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging (2021): 1-30.
10. Town GP and Bradley SS. “Maximal metabolic responses of deep and shallow water running in trained runners”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise2 (1991): 238-241.
11. Dowzer CN., et al. “Effects of deep and shallow water running on spinal shrinkage”. British Journal of Sports Medicine1 (1998): 44-48.
12. Ainsworth BE., et al. “Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise1 (1993): 71-80.
13. Ainsworth BE., et al. “Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise9.1 (2000): S498-S504.
14. Pollock ML and Jackson AS. “Research progress in validation of clinical methods of assessing body composition”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise6 (1984): 606-615.
15. Borg G. “Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales”. Human kinetics (1998).
16. Di Prampero PE., et al. “Energetics of best performances in middle-distance running”. Journal of Applied Physiology5 (1993): 2318-2324.
17. Takeshima N., et al. “Oxygen uptake and heart rate differences between walking on land and in water in the elderly”. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity2 (1997): 126-134.
18. Haskell WL., et al. “Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association”. Circulation9 (2007): 1081.
19. Kaneda K., et al. “Lower extremity muscle activity during different types and speeds of underwater movement”. Journal of Physiological Anthropology2 (2007): 197-200.
20. Moening D., et al. “Biomechanical comparison of water running and treadmill running”. Isokinetics and Exercise Science4 (1993): 207-215.
21. Reilly T., et al. “The physiology of deep-water running”. Journal of Sports Science12 (2003): 959-972.
22. Nielsen B and Davies CTM. “Temperature regulation during exercise in water and air”. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica4 (1976): 500-508.

Citation

Citation: Sabrina Demarie., et al. “Energy Cost of Water Running in Shallow and Deep Water".Acta Scientific Orthopaedics 4.9 (2021): 81-86.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Sabrina Demarie., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.