Acta Scientific Orthopaedics (ISSN: 2581-8635)

Research Article Volume 4 Issue 6

Blood Flow Restriction Effects on Amateur Soccer Player: More than Just Strength and Mass Gains?

Besozzi Lorenzo*

Department of Physiotherapy, Ola Grimsby Insitute/Rehability Lugano, Lugano, Swiss, Switzerland

*Corresponding Author: Besozzi Lorenzo, Department of Physiotherapy, Ola Grimsby Insitute/Rehability Lugano, Lugano, Swiss, Switzerland.

Received: May 10, 2021; Published: May 24, 2021

Abstract

Objective: To investigate effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) in pain modulation beyond other well-established effects on muscle gains after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery in a soccer player.

Design: Case study examining BFR training in a clinical rehabilitation setting.

Methods: BFR was utilized in a strength training protocol of the lower limbs after ACL surgery. Pain values on a visual analogue scale (VAS) were collected before and after the strength protocol's execution. The cross-sectional area of the thigh and isometric mean and peak force output during a squat were measured before the protocol execution.

Results: Minimal clinical important difference (MCID) of 20 mm on a 1 - 100 mm VAS was reported in both pre- and post-training values between the first data collection (T0) and the last one (T3). No improvements were reported in CSA values on the injured limb between T0-T3. Inconsistent values were reported in the isometric squat test: an increase of both mean and peak from T0 were reported in T1 and T2. Both values then decreased again in T3, below T0 values.

Conclusion: BFR may play an essential role in pain modulation after ACL surgery.

Keywords: ACL; Pain; Rehabilitation; Soccer

References

  1. Gornitzky AL., et al. “Sport-Specific Yearly Risk and Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in High School Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis”. American Journal of Sports Medicine10 (2016): 2716-2723.
  2. Zaffagnini S., et al. “Return to sport after ACL reconstruction: how, when and why? A narrative review of current evidence”. Joints 1 (2015): 25-30.
  3. Waldén M., et al. “ACL injuries in men's professional football: a 15-year prospective study on time trends and return-to-play rates reveals only 65% of players still play at the top level 3 years after ACL rupture”. British Journal of Sports Medicine12 (2016): 744-750.
  4. Von Porat A., et al. “High prevalence of osteoarthritis 14 years after an anterior cruciate ligament tear in male soccer players: a study of radiographic and patient relevant outcomes”. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases3 (2004): 269-273.
  5. Waldén M., et al. “ACL injuries in men's professional football: a 15-year prospective study on time trends and return-to-play rates reveals only 65% of players still play at the top level 3 years after ACL rupture”. British Journal of Sports Medicine12 (2016): 744-750.
  6. Della Villa F., et al. “Systematic video analysis of ACL injuries in professional male football (soccer): injury mechanisms, situational patterns and biomechanics study on 134 consecutive cases”. British Journal of Sports Medicine23 (2020): 1423-1432.
  7. Waldén M., et al. “The epidemiology of anterior cruciate ligament injury in football (soccer): a review of the literature from a gender-related perspective”. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy1 (2011): 3-10.
  8. Lohmander LS., et al. “High prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, pain, and functional limitations in female soccer players twelve years after anterior cruciate ligament injury”. Arthritis and Rheumatology10 (2004): 3145-3152.
  9. Elaqoul A., et al. “Postoperative Pain Among Patients After Day-Case Surgery”. Plastic Surgical Nursing4 (2017): 130-136.
  10. Chou R., et al. “Management of Postoperative Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists' Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Committee, and Administrative Council [published correction appears in”. Journal Pain4 (2016): 508-510.
  11. Donnelly Joseph E., et al. “American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2 (2009): 459-471.
  12. Palmieri-Smith Riann M., et al. “Maximizing quadriceps strength after ACL reconstruction”. Clinics in Sports Medicine 3 (2008): 405-424.
  13. Snyder-Mackler Lynn., et al. “Strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle and functional recovery after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. A prospective, randomized clinical trial of electrical stimulation”. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery8 (1995): 1166-1173.
  14. Lepley AS., et al. “Quadriceps neural alterations in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed patients: A 6‐month longitudinal investigation”. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports6 (2015): 828-839.
  15. Ardern Clare L., et al. “Fifty-five per cent return to competitive sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including aspects of physical functioning and contextual factors”. British Journal of Sports Medicine21 (2014): 1543-1552.
  16. Day B. “Personalized Blood Flow Restriction Therapy: How, When and Where Can It Accelerate Rehabilitation After Surgery?” Arthroscopy 8 (2018): 2511-2513.
  17. Meyer RA. “Does blood flow restriction enhance hypertrophic signaling in skeletal muscle?” Journal of Applied Physiology5 (1985): 1443-1444.
  18. Yasuda Tomohiro., et al. “Effects of low‐intensity bench press training with restricted arm muscle blood flow on chest muscle hypertrophy: a pilot study”. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging5 (2010): 338-343.
  19. Schoenfeld BJ. “Potential mechanisms for a role of metabolic stress in hypertrophic adaptations to resistance training”. Sports Medicine3 (2013): 179-194.
  20. Owens JG and Hsu J. “Dedicated professionals givre the injured another chance to serve”. Journal of bone and joint surgery-Journal of orthopedic sports physical therapy special report: It takes a team (2013).
  21. Dreyer Hans C., et al. “Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle”. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism2 (2008): E392-E400.
  22. Hughes L., et al. “Comparing the Effectiveness of Blood Flow Restriction and Traditional Heavy Load Resistance Training in the Post-Surgery Rehabilitation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Patients: A UK National Health Service Randomised Controlled Trial”. Sports Medicine11 (2019): 1787-1805.
  23. World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects”. The Journal of the American Medical Association20 (2013): 2191-2194.
  24. McEwan JA. “Tourniquet use and care (2014).
  25. Recommended practices for use of the pneumatic tourniquet in the preoparative practice setting. In: preoparative standards and recommended practices for inpatient and ambulatory settings. 2014 ed. Denver, CO AORN Inc (2014): 183-208.
  26. Marco Beato., et al. “Validity and reliability of a flywheel squat test in sport (2020).
  27. Karcioglu Ozgur., et al. “A systematic review of the pain scales in adults: which to use?” The American Journal of Emergency Medicine4 (2018): 707-714.
  28. Tubach Florence., et al. “Evaluation of clinically relevant changes in patient reported outcomes in knee and hip osteoarthritis: the minimal clinically important improvement”. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1 (2005): 29-33.
  29. Ehrich Elliot W., et al. “Minimal perceptible clinical improvement with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index questionnaire and global assessments in patients with osteoarthritis”. The Journal of Rheumatology11 (2000): 2635-2641.
  30. Jones Eric J., et al. “Cross-sectional area and muscular strength”. Sports Medicine12 (2008): 987-994.
  31. Barber-Westin., et al. “Blood Flow–Restricted Training for Lower Extremity Muscle Weakness due to Knee Pathology: A Systematic Review”. Sports Health 1 (2019): 69-83.
  32. Mouelhi Yosra., et al. “How is the minimal clinically important difference established in health-related quality of life instruments? Review of anchors and methods”. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 18 (2020): 1-17.
  33. Hughes L., et al. “Examination of the comfort and pain experienced with blood flow restriction training during post-surgery rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients: A UK National Health Service trial”. Physical Therapy in Sport 39 (2019): 90-98.
  34. Hughes L., et al. “Examination of the comfort and pain experienced with blood flow restriction training during post-surgery rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients: A UK National Health Service trial”. Physical Therapy in Sport 39 (2019): 90-98.
  35. Hughes L., et al. “Examination of the comfort and pain experienced with blood flow restriction training during post-surgery rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients: A UK National Health Service trial”. Physical Therapy in Sport 39 (2019): 90-98.
  36. Lowe CJ., et al. “Effects of Moderate Exercise on Cortical Resilience: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study Targeting the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex”. Psychosomatic Medicine2 (2017): 143-152.
  37. Day B. “Personalized Blood Flow Restriction Therapy: How, When and Where Can It Accelerate Rehabilitation After Surgery?” Arthroscopy 8 (2018): 2511-2513.

Citation

Citation: Besozzi Lorenzo. “Blood Flow Restriction Effects on Amateur Soccer Player: More than Just Strength and Mass Gains?".Acta Scientific Orthopaedics 4.6 (2021): 82-89.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Besozzi Lorenzo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate33%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In



News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is December 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"

Contact US