Omosule Ikeoluwa E¹*, Gbujie Onyemuchechi Ibeneche¹, Ibekwe Titus Sunday¹ and BA Abimiku²

¹University of Abuja Teaching Hospital Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
²Department of Pathology, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author: Omosule Ikeoluwa E, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria.

Received: May 14, 2024; Published: June 28, 2024

Abstract

Background: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a lymphotropic virus that is often responsible for various head and neck diseases. The virus typically remains dormant in lymphoid cells, including adenoid and tonsils, and can be reactivated later in life. Adenotonsilar enlargement is a common outpatient condition seen at the Ear Nose and Throat clinics. The common causes of adenotonsilar enlargement in children include allergy, exposure to chemical irritants and viral infections such as Epstein-Barr Virus. This virus has a trophic effect on nasopharyngeal tissues and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases such as infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal neoplasms.

Objective: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of EBV among paediatric patient with adenotonsilar enlargement who had adenotonsillectomy and compare with controls

Methodology: This was a comparative cross- sectional study that was carried out at the ENT clinic of University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada. Abuja, Nigeria. All eligible paediatric patients diagnosed with adenotonsilar enlargement were recruited by convenience sampling technique, following ethical approval and consent/assent. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain participant’s bio-data and clinical information from the parents or guardians of the participants. EBV status of the participants was evaluated serologically by Chemiluminescence Immuno Assay (CLIA) method. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 24 and this was presented in prose, figures, tables and charts

Results: A total of 90 patients were recruited and grouped into the test (45) and control (45). They were age and sex matched p = 0.480 ꭓ² = 0.498. M: F was 3.3:1, and 2.2:1 in control group The mean age group was 51.7 ± 5.4 months for the test group and 66.5 ± 5.6 months in the control group.

EBV IgG prevalence for the test group was 91.1% and 8.9% were EBV negative.

In the control group EBV IgG prevalence was 82% with 17% being EBV sero-negative. There was also a significant difference between the mean values of the EBV IgG in the test (29.6 ± 2.8) and control (12.4 ± 1.4) groups using the T-test analysis. T = 12.956, p = <0.001. Only two (2) patients in the test group tested positive to EBV IgM and IgG.

Conclusion: The results suggests that EBV is just as prevalent in our environment as it is in western climes, even though the titers were significantly higher among the test group.

 Keywords: Prevalence of EBV; Adenotonsilar Enlargement; Chemiluminescence Immuno Assay Method; Epstein-Barr Virus; Volumetric Analysis

References

1. Kuri A., et al. “Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom”. BMC Public Health1 (2020): 1-9.
2. Crowcroft NS., et al. “Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection in pre-adolescent children: application of a new salivary method in Edinburgh, Scotland”. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health2 (1998): 101-104.
3. Bornkamm GW and Hammerschmidt W. “Molecular virology of Epstein-Barr virus”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Royal Society 356 (2001): 437-459.
4. Jamiyan T., et al. “Characteristic Histological Findings of Asymptomatic EBV-associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders in Tonsils”. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hematopathology3 (2018): 122-127.
5. Seishima N., et al. “EBV infection is prevalent in the adenoid and palatine tonsils in adults”. Journal of Medical Virology6 (2017): 1088-1095.
6. Hess RD. “Routine Epstein-Barr Virus Diagnostics from the Laboratory Perspective: Still Challenging after 35 Years”. Journal of Clinical Microbiology8 (2004): 3381.
7. Gulley ML., et al. “Laboratory Assays for Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Disease”. Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 4 (2008): 279.
8. Al-Salam S., et al. “Prevalence of epstein-barr virus in tonsils and adenoids of united arab emirates nationals”. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 9 (2011): 1160-1166.
9. Arambula A., et al. “Anatomy and physiology of the palatine tonsils, adenoids, and lingual tonsils”. World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head Neck Surgery 3 (2021): 155.
10. Fossum CC., et al. “Characterization of the oropharynx: anatomy, histology, immunology, squamous cell carcinoma and surgical resection”. Histopathology 7 (2017): 1021-1029.
11. Varkki S and Varghese A. “Adenoid Hypertrophy”. In: Case Based Reviews in Pediatric Pulmonology Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.; (2018): 30-30.
12. Talebian S., et al. “Comparison of adenoid size in lateral radiographic, pathologic, and endoscopic measurements”. Electronic Physician Journal 6 (2018): 6935-6941.
13. Samdi Emmanuel M and Kirfi AM. “Adenotonsilar surgeries in Kaduna, Nigeria”. Annals of Indian Academic Otorhinolaryngology- Head Neck Surgery 1 (2017): 6.
14. Adedeji TO., et al. “Correlation between adenoidal nasopharyngeal ratio and symptoms of enlarged adenoids in children with adenoidal hypertrophy”. African Journal of Paediatric Surgery 1 (2016): 14-19.
15. Papadopoulos N., et al. “Airway Obstruction in a Young Adult with Infectious Mononucleosis by Epstein-Barr Virus”. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 1 (2008): 79.
16. Fujioka M., et al. “Radiographic evaluation of adenoidal size in children: Adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio”. American Journal of Roentgenology 3 (1979): 401-404.
17. Brodsky L and Koch RJ. “Anatomic Correlates of Normal and Diseased Adenoids in Children”. Laryngoscope11 (1992): 1268.
18. John K Douglas and William T Wcislo. “An inexpensive and portable microvolumeter for rapid evaluation of biological samples”. International Journal of Life Science Methods 49 (2010): 566.
19. Titus S Ibekwe., et al. “Tonsillectomy: Vasoconstrictive hydrolytic cold dissection method”. African Journal of Peadiatric Surgery2 (2013): 150-153.
20. Tagliacarne SC., et al. “Impact of passive smoke and/or atopy on adenoid immunoglobulin production in children”. Immunology Letters2 (2015): 70-77.
21. Endo LH., et al. “The EBV action in tonsils and adenoids”. International Congress Series 1257 (2003): 263-267.
22. Chinawa JM., et al. “Clinical profile and pattern of adenoid hypertrophy among children attending a private hospital in Enugu, South East Nigeria”. Pan African Medical Journal1 (2016).
23. Adegbiji WA., et al. “Current trends of adenotonsilar hypertrophy presentation in a developing country, Nigeria”. International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology- Head Neck Surgery3 (2017): 501-505 .
24. Günel C., et al. “Detection of the Epstein-Barr virus, Human Bocavirus and novel KI and KU polyomaviruses in adenotonsilar tissues”. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology3 (2015): 423.
25. Lu X., et al. “Correlation between Brodsky Tonsil Scale and Tonsil Volume in Adult Patients”. Biomed Research International (2018).
26. Al-Salam S., et al. “Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in tonsils and adenoids of United Arab Emirates nationals”. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology9 (2011): 1160.
27. Olusanya O., et al. “The importance of social class in voluntary fertility control in developing countries”. West African Journal of Medicin 4 (1985): 205-207.

Citation

Citation: Omosule Ikeoluwa E., et al. “Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Paediatric Patients with Adenotonsilar Enlargement".Acta Scientific Otolaryngology 6.7 (2024): 28-35.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2024 Omosule Ikeoluwa E., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.