Covid Associated Mucormycosis: What do we Know Till Now?
Vikasdeep Gupta1 and Vandana Sharma2*
1Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bathinda, India
2Department of Ophthalmology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (AIMSR), Bathinda, India
*Corresponding Author: Vandana Sharma, Department of Ophthalmology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (AIMSR), Bathinda, India.
Received:
March 14, 2022; Published: March 28, 2022
Abstract
COVID 19 pandemic has overburdened the healthcare infrastructure in India in the last few months. As the second wave recedes, mucormycosis emerged as a new nemesis which is life and vision threatening to the already immunocompromised post COVID patients. This review article is written with the intent to identify a definitive approach towards early identification of the disease and to formulate guidelines for prompt management.
Keywords: Mucormycosis; COVID-19; Infrastructure
References
- Sharma S., et al. “Post coronavirus disease mucormycosis: a deadly addition to the pandemic spectrum”. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 5 (2021): 442-447.
- Kontoyiannis DP., et al. “Zygomycosis in a tertiary-care cancer center in the era of Aspergillus-active antifungal therapy: a case-control observational study of 27 recent cases”. Journal of Infectious Disease8 (2005): 1350-1360.
- V Saegeman., et al. “Epidemiology of mucormycosis: review of 18 cases in a tertiary care hospital”. Medical Mycology2 (2010): 245-254.
- Chayakulkeeree M., et al. “Zygomycosis: the re-emerging fungal infection”. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Disease 4 (2006): 215-229.
- Kauffman CA. “Zygomycosis: reemergence of an old pathogen”. Clinical Infectious Diseases4 (2004): 588-590.
- Safdar A., et al. “Efficacy and feasibility of aerosolized amphotericin B lipid complex therapy in caspofungin breakthrough pulmonary zygomycosis”. Bone Marrow Transplantation5 (2004): 467-468.
- Marr KA., et al. “Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 7 (2002): 909-917.
- Roden MM., et al. “Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 5 (2005): 634-653.
- Chakrabarti A., et al. “Ten years' experience in zygomycosis at a tertiary care centre in India”. Journal of Infection4 (2001): 261-266.
- White L., et al. “A national strategy to diagnose coronavirus disease 2019 - associated invasive fungal disease in the intensive care unit”. Clinical Infectious Diseases (2020): ciaa1298.
- Gangneux JP., et al. “Invasive fungal diseases during COVID-19: we should be prepared”. Journal of Medical Mycology 30 (2020):
- Arnaiz-Garcý´a ME., et al. “Cutaneous mucormycosis: report of five cases and review of the literature”. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery 62 (2009): 434e441.
- Chamilos G., et al. “Delaying amphotericin B-based frontline therapy significantly increases mortality among patients with hematologic malignancy who have zygomycosis”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 47 (2008): 503-509.
- Liu J., et al. “Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARSCoV- 2 infected patients”. EBioMedicine 55 (2020):
- Waizel-Haiat S., et al. “A Case of Fatal Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis Associated With New Onset Diabetic Ketoacidosis and COVID-19”. Cureus2 (2021): e13163.
- Sweeny JM., et al. “Evidence for secondary thrombotic microangiopathy in COVID-19”. MedRxiv preprint (2021).
- Vandroux D., et al. “Mortality of critically ill patients with severe influenza starting four years after the 2009 pandemic”. Infectious Disease11-12 (2019): 831-837.
- Scheckenbach K., et al. “Emerging therapeutic options in fulminant invasive rhinocerebral mucormycosis”. Auris Nasus Larynx 37 (2010): 322e328.
- Singh VP., et al. “Sinonasal Mucormycosis: A to Z”. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 71 (2019): 1962-1971.
- Shah K., et al. “Orbital Exenteration in Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis: A Prospective Analytical Study with Scoring System”. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery2 (2019): 259-265.
- Mekonnen ZK., et al. “Acute Invasive Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis in a Patient With COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome”. Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery2 (2021).
- E Bouza., et al. “Mucormycosis: an emerging disease?” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 12 (2006): 7-23.
- DeShazo RD., et al. “Fungal sinusitis”. The New England Journal of Medicine 337 (1997): 254-259.
- Millon L., et al. “Early diagnosis and monitoring of mucormycosis by detection of circulating DNA in serum: retrospective analysis of 44 cases collected through the French Surveillance Network of Invasive Fungal Infections (RESSIF)”. Clinical Microbiology and Infection22 (2016): 810.e1-810.e8.
- Lone PA., et al. “Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis: Magnetic resonance imaging”. Indian Journal of Otology 21 (2015): 215-218.
- Radner AB., et al. “Acute invasive rhinocerebral zygomycosis in an otherwise healthy patient: case report and review”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 20 (1995): 163-166.
- Piromchai P and Thanaviratananich S. “Impact of treatment time on the survival of patients suffering from invasive fungal rhinosinusitis”. Clinical Medicine Insights: Ear, Nose and Throat 7 (2014): 31-34.
- Walsh TJ., et al. “Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases”. Clinical Infectious Diseases 26 (1998): 1383-1396.
- Riley TT., et al. “Breaking the mold: a review of mucormycosis and current pharmacological treatment options”. Annals of Pharmacotherapy9 (2016): 747-757.
- Lewis RE., et al. “Activity of deferasirox in Mucorales: influences of species and exogenous iron”. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55 (2011): 411-413.
- Ibrahim AS., et al. “The iron chelator deferasirox protects mice from mucormycosis through iron starvation”. Journal of Clinical Investigation 117 (2007): 2649-2657.
Citation
Copyright