AJ Russo¹*, Albert Mensah² and Judith Bowman²

¹Visiting Professor, Hartwick College, Research Director, Mensah Research Institute, Warrenville, Il, USA
²Mensah Research Institute, Warrenville, Il, USA

*Corresponding Author: AJ Russo, Visiting Professor, Hartwick College, Research Director, Mensah Research Institute, Warrenville, Il, USA.

Received: August 09, 2024; Published: September 06, 2024

Abstract

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a complex psychiatric condition characterized by obsessions and compulsions. Research has delved into the neurobiological underpinnings of OCD. This review focuses on growth factors, cell receptors, intracellular kinases, and transcription factors that may be associated with the etiology of OCD.

 Keywords: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD); Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

References

1. Szechtman H., et al. “The psychopharmacology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preclinical roadmap”. Pharmacological Reviews1 (2019): 80-151.
2. Wang S., et al. “Is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) val66met polymorphism associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder? a meta-analysis”. Psychiatria Danubina2 (2019): 141-147.
3. Ravi S. “Potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for obsessive compulsive disorder”. Biochemia Medica1 (2023): 57-71.
4. Murphy D L., et al. “Anxiety and affective disorder comorbidity related to serotonin and other neurotransmitter systems: obsessive–compulsive disorder as an example of overlapping clinical and genetic heterogeneity”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences1615 (2013): 20120435.
5. Russo AJ and Pietsch SC. “Decreased Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) and Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) in Individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)”. Biomark Insights 8 (2013): 107-114.
6. Paribello P., et al. “Identifying neurobiological markers in obsessive–compulsive disorder: a study protocol for a cross-sectional study in subgroups of differing phenotype”. Applied Sciences 12 (2023): 7306.
7. Ullrich M., et al. “Ocd-like behavior is caused by dysfunction of thalamo-amygdala circuits and upregulated trkb/erk-mapk signaling as a result of spred2 deficiency”. Molecular Psychiatry2 (2017): 444-458.
8. Bendriss G., et al. “Microbial reprogramming in obsessive–compulsive disorders: a review of gut–brain communication and emerging evidence”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences15 (2023): 11978.
9. Schiele M A., et al. “Epigenome-wide dna methylation in obsessive-compulsive disorder”. Translational Psychiatry 1 (2022).
10. Rosso G., et al. “Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case-control study”. Neuropsychobiology 1 (2016): 15-21.
11. Bokor G and Anderson P. “Obsessive–compulsive disorder”. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2 (2014): 116-130.
12. Nabizadeh M. “The role of serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitters in obsessive-compulsive disorder”. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam 2 (2019): 99-106.
13. Marinova Z., et al. “Glutamate-modulating drugs as a potential therapeutic strategy in obsessive-compulsive disorder”. Current Neuropharmacology 7 (2017).
14. Menzies L., et al. “Integrating evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the orbitofronto-striatal model revisited”. Neuroscience &Amp; Biobehavioral Reviews 3 (2008): 525-549.
15. Bellia F., et al. “Selective alterations of endocannabinoid system genes expression in obsessive compulsive disorder”. Translational Psychiatry1 (2024).
16. Dijk A., et al. “Role of serotonin in obsessive–compulsive disorder”. Future Neurology5 (2008): 589-603.
17. Assarian F., et al. “The efficacy of aripiprazole versus risperidone as augmentation therapy in the treatment of the resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind clinical trial”. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 5 (2016).
18. Nabizadeh M and Ahmadi F. “Animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd)”. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Cognition1 (2022): 110-116.
19. Abubakar AR., et al. “Anxiety disorders: recent global approach to neuro-pathogenesis, drug treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy, and their implications”. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science3 (2021): 487-503.
20. Richter M., et al. “The gaba a-receptor γ2 (gabrg2) gene in obsessive-compulsive disorder”. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry4 (2009): 328-331.
21. Luján J., et al. “Tracking the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation for neuropsychiatric disorders”. Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite 13 (2008): 5892.
22. Shi Y., et al. “Potential therapeutic mechanism of deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in obsessive-compulsive disorder”. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 16 (2023).
23. Sampaio A., et al. “Association between polymorphisms in grik2 gene and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a family-based study”. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics3 (2010): 141-147.
24. Remijnse P., et al. “Neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder”. Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews 3 (2005): 331-351.
25. Nestadt G., et al. “Genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder”. Psychiatric Clinics of North America1 (2010): 141-158.
26. Robson M J., et al. “Immune system activation and depression: roles of serotonin in the central nervous system and periphery”. ACS Chemical Neuroscience5 (2017): 932-942.
27. Hsu T., et al. “Risk of major mental disorder after severe bacterial infections in children and adolescents: a nationwide longitudinal study”. Neuropsychobiology6 (2022): 539-549.
28. Quinlan MA., et al. “Ex vivo quantitative proteomic analysis of serotonin transporter interactome: network impact of the sert ala56 coding variant”. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 13 (2020).
29. Marazziti D., et al. “Adenylate-cyclase activity in platelets of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder”. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 363 (2009).
30. Li P., et al. “Abnormal spontaneous neural activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study”. PLoS ONE6 (2013): e67262.
31. Li Y., et al. “Basic cognition and misunderstanding of obsessive-compulsive disorder”. (2022): 1556-1562.
32. Şimşek Ş., et al. “Serum cytokine profiles of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder shows the evidence of autoimmunity”. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology8 (2016): pyw027.
33. El-Gawad A A., et al. “Autistic traits and obsessive-compulsive personality traits in ocd patients”. Middle East Current Psychiatry1 (2022).
34. Zayman E P and Erbay MF. “Obsessive-compulsive disorder and chiari malformation: a case report”. Medicine Science | International Medical Journal3 (2016): 908.
35. Diedrich A., et al. “Change in obsessive beliefs as predictor and mediator of symptom change during treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder – a process-outcome study”. BMC Psychiatry1 (2016).
36. Aydin A., et al. “The predictive value of interpersonal schemas, perfectionism, and thought action-fusion in obsessive-compulsive disorder / obsesif-kompulsif bozuklukta kişilerarası şemalar, mükemmeliyetçilik ve düşünce-eylem kaynaşmasının yordayıcı rolü”. Dusunen Adam the Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences (2012): 108-118.
37. Baz AB and Karagüzel E Ö. “Comparison of early maladaptive schemas in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients, their siblings, and controls”. Alpha Psychiatry4 (2022): 157-163.
38. Catapano F., et al. “Insight and resistance in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder”. Psychopathology 2 (2001): 62-68.
39. Friðgeirsson E., et al. “Patient specific intracranial neural signatures of obsessions and compulsions in the ventral striatum”. Journal of Neural Engineering2 (2023): 026008.
40. Mani A., et al. “Episodic memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder: comparison with healthy controls”. Shiraz E-Medical Journal3 (2023).
41. “Response inhibition function of obsessive-compulsive patients with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder”. Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science (2017).
42. Leghari NU., et al. “Impact of covid-19 epidemic in prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder”. The Professional Medical Journal10 (2022): 1526-1532.
43. Niewęgłowski K., et al. “Impact of gut microbiota on severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd) - a short review”. Journal of Education Health and Sport8 (2022): 283-288.
44. Khawaja N and McMahon J. “The relationship of meta-worry and intolerance of uncertainty with pathological worry, anxiety, and depression”. Behaviour Change4 (2011): 165-180.
45. Durdle H., et al. “A meta-analysis examining the relations among pathological gambling, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive traits”. Psychological Reports2 (2008): 485-498.
46. Enache A. “Persistent delusional disorder versus ocd – how can we differentiate between delusions and obsessions without insight. a literature review”. Romanian Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy2 (2020): 67-70.

Citation

Citation: AJ Russo., et al. “Growth Factors, Cell Receptors, Intracellular Kinases, and Transcription Factors Associated with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)”.Acta Scientific Medical Sciences 8.10 (2024): 04-09.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2024 AJ Russo., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.