Azaz Ahmad¹*, Manish Kumar Suman², Nabir Hussain³, Mohammed Imran Khan⁴ and MD Sartaj Hussain Ali K⁵

¹Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Indira IVF Hospital Pvt. Ltd. Udaipur, India
²Department of Pharmacy, Indira IVF Hospital Pvt. Ltd. Ranchi, India
³Department of Pharmacy, Indira IVF Hospital Pvt. Ltd. Guwahati, India
⁴Department of Pharmacy, Indira IVF Hospital Pvt. Ltd. Alwar, India
⁵Department of Pharmacy, Indira IVF Hospital Pvt. Ltd. Ballari, India

*Corresponding Author: Azaz Ahmad, Head, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Indira IVF Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Udaipur, India.

Received: July 17, 2024; Published: August 13, 2024

Abstract

Infertility is a global health issue characterized by the inability to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. It affects both men and women and has significant psychological, social, and economic implications. Infertility affects approximately 15% of couples worldwide. The prevalence varies by region, with higher rates observed in certain parts of Africa and South Asia. The global burden of infertility is significant, impacting millions of individuals and couples each year. Both male and female factors contribute to infertility, with male factors accounting for about 30%, female factors for about 40%, and combined or unexplained factors making up the remaining 30%. The etiology of infertility is diverse, encompassing a wide range of biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Common causes include ovulatory disorders, tubal blockage, endometriosis, and uterine abnormalities in women, and low sperm count, poor sperm motility, and abnormal sperm morphology in men. Additionally, age, obesity, and exposure to environmental toxins can significantly impact fertility. Treatment options for infertility are varied and depend on the underlying cause. They range from lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Hormonal therapies, surgical interventions, and use of donor gametes are other options. Recent advances in reproductive medicine, including genetic screening and fertility preservation techniques, offer hope for many couples facing infertility challenges. In conclusion, Infertility is a complex condition with multiple contributing factors. Comprehensive evaluation and personalized treatment strategies are essential for effective management. Continued research and advancements in reproductive medicine are crucial to improve outcomes for individuals and couples experiencing infertility.

 Keywords: Infertility; Reproductive Disorders; Assisted Reproductive Technologies; In-Vitro Fertilization; Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection; Lifestyle Modifications

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Citation

Citation: Azaz Ahmad., et al. “An Overview of Male and Female Infertility: Etiology, Risk Factors, and Treatment Approaches”.Acta Scientific Medical Sciences 8.9 (2024): 70-78.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2024 Azaz Ahmad., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.