I Ketut Berata* and I Made Kardena

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Udayana University, Denpasar Bali, Indonesia

*Corresponding Author: I Ketut Berata, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Udayana University, Denpasar Bali, Indonesia.

Received: October 18, 2023; Published: February 07, 2024

Abstract

Lead heavy metal contamination is increasingly widespread in water, soil, and air, as well as livestock residing in a lead-polluted environment face potential exposure, which could extend to their products. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence of lead contamination in eggs of duck and free-range chicken. The samples included 30 eggs of duck and free-range chicken taken from several markets in Denpasar City. Eggs were processed to check for the presence of lead heavy metal and the measurement was carried out using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) method at the Analytical Laboratory of Udayana University. The results showed that there were 4 duck eggs containing lead heavy metal with levels of 5.241 ppm, 2.434 ppm, 1.021 ppm, and 0.543 ppm, respectively. However, no contamination was detected in all free-range chicken eggs samples. This indicated that the prevalence of duck eggs exposed to lead was 13.33%, and certain contamination levels exceeded the maximum threshold for food, namely 1.00 ppm. This exposure stemmed from duck reared in lead-polluted areas. Further investigation was needed on the factors related to lead exposure in duck eggs. For egg consumers, based on the results, it was safer to select chicken eggs compared to duck eggs. 

Keywords: Lead; Duck; Eggs; Free-Range Chicken

References

1. Metzer Farm. “Comparing the Nutrients of Duck Eggs and Chicken Eggs” (2014).
2. Ferreyra H., et al. “Lead exposure affects health indices in free-ranging ducks in Argentina”. Ecotoxicology 24.4 (2015): 735-745.
3. Hejna M., et al. “Review: Nutritional ecology of heavy metals”. Animal 12.10 (2018): 2156-2170.
4. Berata I K., et al. “Comparison of lead contamination in innards and muscle tissues of Bali cattle reared in Suwung Landfill”. Bali Medical Journal 6.1 (2017): 147-149.
5. Malhat F., et al. “Contamination of cows milk by heavy metal in Egypt”. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 88.4 (2012): 611-613.
6. Jaishankar M., et al. “Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals”. Interdisciplinary Toxicology 7.2 (2014): 60-72.
7. Gillis B S., et al. “Analysis of lead toxicity in human cells”. BMC Genomics 13 (2012): 344.
8. Hegazy A M S and Fouad U A. “Evaluation of Lead Hepatotoxicity; Histological, Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study”. Forensic Medicine and Anatomy Research 2 (2015): 70-79.
9. Flora S J S., et al. “Heavy Metal Induced Oxidative Stress & Its Possible Reversal by Chelation Therapy”. Indian Journal of Medical Research 128 (2008): 501-523.
10. Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Standar Nasional Indonesia 7387:2009 Tentang Batas Maksimum Cemaran Logam Berat Dalam Pangan (2009).
11. Sikiric M., et al. “Determination of metals in cow's milk by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry”. Czech Journal of Animal Science CJAS 48.11 (2003): 481-486.
12. Abdulkhaliq A., et al. “Levels of metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Fe) in cow’s milk, dairy products and hen’s eggs from the West Bank, Palestine”. International Food Research Journal 19.3 (2012): 1089-1094.
13. Abdelbasset C., et al. “Distribution of trace elements and heavy metals in liver, lung, meat, heart and kidney of cattle, sheep, camel and equine slaughtered in Casablanca city-Morocco”. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 2 (2014): 294-303.
14. Giżejewska A., et al. “Can red deer antlers be used as an indicator of environmental and edible tissues’ trace element contamination?”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24 (2017): 11630-1163
15. Narozhnykh K N., et al. “Lead Content in Soil, Water, Forage, Grains, Organs and the Muscle Tissue of Cattle in Western Siberia (Russia)”. Indian Journal of Ecology 45.4 (2018): 866-871.
16. Apostoli P., et al. “Effects of lead on red blood cell membrane proteins”. International Archieves of Occupational and Environ Health 61.1 (1988): 71-75.
17. Percy D H and Barthold S W. Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits. Ed. Blackwell Pub (2007).
18. P Aendo., et al. “Health risk contamination of heavy metals in yolk and albumen of duck eggs collected in central and western Thailand”. Biological Trace Element Research 184.2 (2018): 501-507.

Citation

Citation: I Ketut Berata and I Made Kardena. “Detection of Lead Heavy Metal Contamination in Eggs of Duck and Free-Range Chicken”.Acta Scientific Medical Sciences 8.3 (2024): 24-28.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2024 I Ketut Berata and I Made Kardena. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.