Acta Scientific Medical Sciences (ASMS)(ISSN: 2582-0931)

Research Article Volume 6 Issue 7

The Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Primary Health Care Center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Zafer Khalid Algarni1, Muhammad Saim Khan2, Anas Abdullah Alshehri1 and Mostafa Kofi3*

1Family and Community Medicine - Resident, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Saudi Arabia
2Ophthalmologist - Senior Registrar, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Saudi Arabia
3Professor, Family and Community Medicine - Consultant, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Saudi Arabia

*Corresponding Author: Mostafa Kofi, Professor, Family and Community Medicine - Consultant, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Saudi Arabia.

Received: June 08, 2022; Published: June 21, 2022

Abstract

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the preventable serious complications of diabetes mellitus and if not properly discovered and managed may lead to blindness.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of DR and its severity among type 2 diabetic patients.

Patients and methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out among a consecutive sample of type 2 diabetic patients, who were followed up in Retina clinic WAZARAT primary healthcare (PHC), Prince Sultan Military Medical Center (PSMMC), Riyadh. A well-structured data sheet form was used to collect data, included demographic factor and clinical parameters.

Results: The study included 376 patients. Their age ranged between 31 and 84 years with an arithmetic mean of 58.03 years and standard deviation of (±) 10.06 years. Prevalence of DR among type 2 diabetic patients was 45.2%. The most frequently reported type was non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (74.1%). Macular edema was observed among 43.5% of patients with DR and 19.7% of the total patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis results revealed that with increase in patient`s age by one year, there was increase in the risk of developing DR by 8% (AOR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.05-1.12), p < 0.001. Female patients were at almost double risk for developing DR compared to male patients (AOR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.05-1.12), p < 0.001. Compared to patients whose HbA1c% ranged between 6.5 and 7.9% as a reference category, those with HbA1c% level ranged between 8 and 9.9% and ≥10% were at higher significant risk for developing DR (AOR = 2.23; 95%CI: 1.31-3.80, p = 0.003 and AOR = 22.62; 95%CI: 9.78-52.35, p < 0.001), respectively.

Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy is a prevalent complication among type 2 diabetic patients followed up in Retina clinic WAZARAT primary healthcare (PHC), PSMMC, Riyadh.

Keywords: Retinopathy; Type 2 Diabetes; Prevalence; Associated Factors

References

  1. Susan van D., et al. “The global burden of diabetes and its complications: an emerging pandemic”. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 17 (2010): s3‑
  2. World Health Organization (WHO): Global report on diabetes 2016 Global report on diabetes, 2016 (2020).
  3. Dabelea D., et al. “Association of type 1 diabetes vs. type 2 diabetes diagnosed during childhood and adolescence with complications during teenage years and young adulthood”. JAMA8 (2017): 825‑835.
  4. Patterson CC., et al. “Trends in childhood type 1 diabetes incidence in Europe during 1989-2008: evidence of non‑uniformity over time in rates of increase”. Diabetologia8 (2012): 2142‑2147.
  5. Atlas D. International diabetes federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 7th Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation 2015 (2020).
  6. Atlas D. International diabetes federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation 2019 (2020).
  7. Sabanayagam C., et al. “Incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review”. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology2 (2019): 140‑149.
  8. Ting DS., et al. “Diabetic retinopathy: global prevalence, major risk factors, screening practices and public health challenges: a review”. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology4 (2016): 260‑277.
  9. Hartnett ME., et al. “Diabetic retinopathy, an overview”. Vision Research 139 (2017): 1-6.
  10. Flaxel CJ., et al. “Diabetic retinopathy preferred practice pattern®”. Ophthalmology1 (2020): P66‑145.
  11. Gangwani RA., et al. “Diabetic retinopathy screening: global and local perspective”. Hong Kong Medical Journal (2016).
  12. Sheppler CR., et al. “Predicting adherence to diabetic eye examinations: development of the compliance with Annual Diabetic Eye Exams Survey”. Ophthalmology6 (2014): 1212‑1219.
  13. Khan AR., et al. “Prevalence and determinants of diabetic retinopathy in Al Hasa region of Saudi Arabia: primary health care centre based cross‑ sectional survey, 2007-2009”. Middle East African journal of Ophthalmology3 (2010): 257.
  14. El‑Bab MF., et al. “Retinopathy and risk factors in diabetic patients from Al‑Madinah Al‑Munawarah in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia”. Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, NZ) 6 (2012): 269.
  15. Al Ghamdi AH., et al. “Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness and diabetic retinopathy in Taif, Saudi Arabia”. British Journal of Ophthalmology9 (2012): 1168-1172.
  16. Bartlett J., et al. “Organizational Research: Determining Appropriate Sample Size in Survey Research, 2001”. (2018).
  17. Nentwich MM and Ulbig MW. “Diabetic retinopathy-ocular complications of diabetes mellitus”. World Journal of Diabetes 3 (2015): 489-499.
  18. Ahmed R., et al. “Diabetic retinopathy and the associated risk factors in diabetes type 2 patients in Abha, Saudi Arabia”. Journal of Family and Community Medicine 1 (2016): 18.
  19. Alharthi AS., et al. “Prevalence and potential risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetics patients in diabetic center, Taif city, KSA”. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine9 (2018): 1455-1463.
  20. El-Bab MF., et al. “Retinopathy and risk factors in diabetic patients from Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia”. Clinical Ophthalmology 6 (2012): 269-276.
  21. Hajar S., et al. “Prevalence and causes of blindness and diabetic retinopathy in Southern Saudi Arabia”. Saudi Medical Journal4 (2015): 449-455.
  22. Al-Shammari KH., et al. “The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Al-Naeem area (Kuwait)”. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine 2 (2005): 1-8.
  23. Al-Maskari F and El-Sadig M. “Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional survey”. BMC Ophthalmology 7 (2007): 11.
  24. Al-Amer RM., et al. “Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among Jordanian patients with type 2 diabetes”. DJO 14 (2008): 42-49.
  25. Macky TA., et al. “Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy in Egypt: A hospital-based study”. Ophthalmic Research 45 (2011): 73-78.
  26. Maghbooli Z., et al. “Predictive factors of diabetic complications. a possible link between family history of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy”. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders 13 (2014): 55.
  27. El Haddad OAW., et al. “Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Omani diabetics”. British Journal of Ophthalmology 82 (1998): 901-906.
  28. Al-Bdour MD., et al. “Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Jordanian diabetics”. Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology 15 (2008): 77-80.
  29. Gadkari SS., et al. “Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in India: The All India Ophthalmological Society Diabetic Retinopathy Eye Screening Study 2014”. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 64 (2016): 38-44.
  30. Rodriguez-Poncelas A., et al. “Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes who had recorded diabetic retinopathy from retinal photographs in Catalonia (Spain)”. British Journal of Ophthalmology12 (2015): 1628-1633.
  31. Zhang G., et al. “Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in China: a multi-hospital-based cross-sectional study”. British Journal of Ophthalmology12 (2017): 1591-1595.
  32. Kempen J., et al. “The Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Adults in the United State”. Archives of Ophthalmology4 (2004): 552-563.
  33. Yau JW., et al. “Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy”. Diabetes Care 35 (2012): 556-564.
  34. Mowatt L. “Diabetic retinopathy and its risk factors at the University Hospital in Jamaica”. Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology 20 (2013): 321-326.
  35. Varma R., et al. “Prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic macular edema in the United States”. JAMA Ophthalmology 11 (2014): 1334-1340.
  36. Wong TY., et al. “Diabetic retinopathy in a multi-ethnic cohort in the United States”. American Journal of Ophthalmology 3 (2006): 446-455.
  37. AlQahtani AS., et al. “Saudi Arabia Guidelines for diabetic macular edema A consensus of the Saudi Retina Group”. Saudi Medical Journal2 (2021): 131-145.
  38. Zhang X., et al. “Diabetic macular edema: new concepts in patho-physiology and treatment”. Cell Bioscience 4 (2014): 27.
  39. Leley SP., et al. “Diabetic retinopathy in the aging population: A perspective of pathogenesis and treatment”. Clinical Interventions in Aging 16 (2021): 1367-1378.
  40. Ozawa GY., et al. “Male-female differences in diabetic retinopathy?” Current Eye Research2 (2015): 234-246.
  41. Kollias AN and Ulbig MW. “Diabetic retinopathy-Early diagnosis and effective treatment”. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 5 (2010): 75-84.
  42. Pearce I., et al. “Association between diabetic eye disease and other complications of diabetes: Implications for care. A systematic review”. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism3 (2019): 467-478.

Citation

Citation: Mostafa Kofi., et al. “The Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Primary Health Care Center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia”.Acta Scientific Medical Sciences 6.7 (2022): 175-182.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Mostafa Kofi., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate30%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days
Impact Factor1.403

Indexed In





Contact US