Tiziana Ciarambino¹, Ombretta Para² and Mauro Giordano MD PhD³*

¹Dirigente Medico, Ospedale Clinicizzato Marcianise, ASL Caserta, Italy
²Dirigente Medico, Ospedale Careggi, University of Firenze, Italy
³Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli“, Naples, Italy

*Corresponding Author: Mauro Giordano MD PhD, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli“, Naples, Italy

Received: July 20, 2021; Published: September 08, 2021

Abstract

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal autosomal recessive disease. It has been reported that females are diagnosed later than males (2) and have a significantly decreased survival.

Methods: Clinical trials were identified by PubMed until June 30 2020. The search keywords were "sex, gender differences, cystic fibrosis”.

Result: It has been suggested, that cystic fibrosis is diagnosed later in female children, because underdiagnosed. Unfortunately, cystic fibrosis determines airway inflammation and chronic respiratory infection, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Different factors are related to these inflammations. However, mortality and cystic fibrosis–related diabetes (CFRD) prevalence were higher, in female subjects than males.

Conclusion: Female subjects have significantly higher mortality than males, with about 4-year difference in median survival. However, adolescent girls with CF have a greater emotional impact compared to boy.

Keywords: Sex; Gender Differences; Cystic Fibrosis

References

1. Sontag MK., et al. “Two- tiered immunoreactive trypsinogen-based newborn screening for cystic fibrosis in Colorado: screening efficacy and diagnostic out- comes”. Journal of Pediatrics 147 (2005): S83-S88.
2. Lai HC., et al. “Delayed diagnosis of US females with cystic fibrosis”. American Journal of Epidemiology 156 (2002): 165-173.
3. Rosenfeld M., et al. “Gender gap in cystic fibrosis mortality”. American Journal of Epidemiology 145 (1997): 794-803.
4. Patterson JM., et al. “Associations of psychosocial factors with health outcomes among youth with cystic fibrosis”. Pediatric Pulmonology 44 (2009): 46-53.
5. Wolfenden LL and Schechter MS. “Genetic and non-genetic determinants of outcomes in cystic fibrosis”. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 10 (2009): 32-36.
6. Jerry A Nick., et al. “Effects of Gender and Age at Diagnosis on Disease Progression in Long-term Survivors of Cystic Fibrosis”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 182 (2010): 614-626.
7. Arias E., et al. “US decennial life tables for 1999-2001, United States life tables”. National Vital Statistics Reports 57 (2008): 1-36.
8. Demko CA., et al. “Gender differences in cystic fibrosis: Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection”. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 48 (1995): 1041-1049.
9. Sweezey NB., et al. “Sex hormones regulate CFTR in developing fetal rat lung epithelial cells”. American Journal of Physiology 272 (1997): L844-851.
10. Coakley RD., et al. “17beta-Estradiol inhibits Ca2 + -dependent homeostasis of airway surface liquid volume in human cystic fibrosis airway epithelia”. Journal of Clinical Investigation 118 (2008): 4025-4035.
11. Jain R., et al. “Sex hormone- dependent regulation of cilia beat frequency in airway epithelium”. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 46 (2012): 446-453.
12. Nick JA., et al. “Effects of gender and age at diagnosis on disease progression in long-term survivors of cystic fibrosis”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 182 (2010): 614-626.
13. Dasenbrook EC., et al. “Association between respiratory tract methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and survival in cystic fibrosis”. JAMA 303 (2010): 2386-2392.
14. Maselli JH., et al. “Risk factors for initial acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children with cystic fibrosis identified by newborn screening”. Pediatric Pulmonology 35 (2003): 257-262.
15. Wang Y., et al. “Estrogen aggra- vates inflammation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in cystic fibrosis mice”. Respiratory Research 11 (2010): 166.
16. Alberto Battezzati., et al. “Age- And Sex-Dependent Distribution of OGTT-Related Variables in a Population of Cystic Fibrosis Patients”. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 8 (2015): 2963-2971.
17. L Gee., et al. “Quality of Life in Cystic Fibrosis: The Impact of Gender, General Health Perceptions and Disease Severity”. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis4 (2003): 206-213.
18. Joän M Patterson., et al. “Gender Differences in Treatment Adherence Among Youth With Cystic Fibrosis: Development of a New Questionnaire”. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis2 (2008): 154-164.

Citation

Citation: Mauro Giordano., et al. “Cystic Fibrosis in Female Gender”.Acta Scientific Medical Sciences 5.10 (2021): 31-33.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Mauro Giordano., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.