Acta Scientific Medical Sciences (ISSN: 2582-0931)

Research Article Volume 4 Issue 1

A Systematic Review of the Zinc Concentrations in the Prostate Fluid of Normal Gland

Vladimir Zaichick1* and Sofia Zaichick2

1Radionuclide Diagnostics Department, Medical Radiological Research Centre, Russia
2Laboratory of Dr. Gabriela Caraveo Piso, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA

*Corresponding Author: Vladimir Zaichick, Professor, Radionuclide Diagnostics Department, Medical Radiological Research Centre, Russia.

Received: November 28, 2019; Published: December 11, 2019

Reprints View PDF Related Articles

×

Abstract

  The prostate gland is subject to various disorders. The etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases are not well understood. Moreover, despite technological advancements, the differential diagnostics of prostate disorders has become progressively more complex and controversial. It was suggested that the measurement of Zn levels in expressed prostatic fluid (EPF) may be useful as a biomarker. This suggestion promoted more detailed studies of the Zn concentrations in the EPF of healthy subjects. The present study evaluated by systematic analysis the published data for Zn concentration analyzed in EPF of normal gland. It included 25 studies, all of which were published in the years from 1961 to 2018 and selected by searching the databases Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, ELSEVIER-EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science. The articles were analyzed and “Median of Means” and “Range of Means” were used to examine heterogeneity of Zn concentrations in EPF of apparently healthy men. The objective analysis was performed on data from the 25 studies, with more than 900 subjects. It was found that the range of means of Zn concentration reported in the literature for normal EPF varies widely from 47.1 mg/L to 825 mg/L with median of means 501 mg/L. Finally, because of small sample size and high data heterogeneity, we recommend other primary studies.

Keywords: Prostate; Prostatic Fluid; Biomarkers; Trace Elements; Zinc

×

References

  1. Nickel JC. “Prostatitis”. Canadian Urological Association Journal 5.5 (2011): 306-315.
  2. Lim KB. “Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia”. Asian Journal of Urology 4.3 (2017): 148-151.
  3. Siegel RL., et al. “Cancer Statistics, 2017”. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 67.1 (2017): 7-30. 
  4. Sharma S., et al. “Prostate cancer diagnostics: Clinical challenges and the ongoing need for disruptive and effective diagnostic tools”. Biotechnology Advances 35.2 (2017): 135-149. 
  5. Zaichick V. “INAA and EDXRF applications in the age dynamics assessment of Zn content and distribution in the normal human prostate”. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 262 (2004): 229-234.
  6. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “The effect of age on Br, Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Mn, and Na mass fraction in pediatric and young adult prostate glands investigated by neutron activation analysis”. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 82 (2013): 145-151. 
  7. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “INAA application in the assessment of Ag, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, and Zn mass fraction in pediatric and young adult prostate glands”. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 298 (2013): 1559-1566. 
  8. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “NAA-SLR and ICP-AES Application in the assessment of mass fraction of 19 chemical elements in pediatric and young adult prostate glands”. Biological Trace Element Research 156 (2013): 357-366.
  9. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Use of neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of trace elements in pediatric and young adult prostate”. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 4 (2013): 696-706.
  10. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Relations of bromine, iron, rubidium, strontium, and zinc content to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands”. Biological Trace Element Research 157 (2014): 195-204. 
  11. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Relations of the neutron activation analysis data to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands”. Advances in Biomedical Science and Engineering 1.1 (2014): 26-42. 
  12. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Relations of the Al, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, Sr, and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands”. Bio Metals 27 (2014): 333-348. 
  13. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “The distribution of 54 trace elements including zinc in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate gland tissues”. Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation Updates 2.1 (2014): 1-15. 
  14. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Androgen-dependent chemical elements of prostate gland”. Andrology and Gynecology: Current Research 2 (2014): 2. 
  15. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Differences and relationships between morphometric parameters and zinc content in nonhyperplastic and hyperplastic prostate glands”. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 8.8 (2015): 692-706.
  16. Zaichick V., et al. “Zinc in the human prostate gland: normal, hyperplastic and cancerous”. International Urology and Nephrology 29.5 (1997): 565-574.
  17. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Trace element levels in prostate gland as carcinoma’s marker”. Journal of Cancer Therapy 8 (2017): 131-145.
  18. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Ratios of selected chemical element contents in prostatic tissue as markers of malignancy”. Hematology and Medical Oncology 1.2 (2016): 1-8.
  19. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Ratios of Zn/trace element contents in prostate gland as carcinoma’s markers”. Cancer Reports and Reviews 1.1 (2017): 1-7.
  20. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Ratios of selenium/trace element contents in prostate gland as carcinoma’s markers”. Journal of Tumor Medicine and Prevention 1.2 (2017): 555-556.
  21. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Ratios of rubidium/trace element contents in prostate gland as carcinoma’s markers”. Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 1.1 (2017): 13-21.
  22. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Ratios of cadmium/trace element contents in prostate gland as carcinoma’s markers”. Cancer Therapy and Oncology International Journal 4.1 (2017): 555626.
  23. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Ratios of cobalt/trace element contents in prostate gland as carcinoma’s markers”. The International Journal of Cancer Epidemiology and Research 1.1 (2017): 21-27. 
  24. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Ratios of calcium/trace elements as prostate cancer markers”. Journal of Oncology Research and Therapy 4 (2017): 116.
  25. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Ratios of Mg/trace element contents in prostate gland as carcinoma’s markers”. SAJ Cancer Science 2.1 (2017):102.
  26. Zaichick V. “The prostatic urethra as a Venturi effect urine-jet pump to drain prostatic fluid”. Medical Hypotheses 83 (2014): 65-68. 
  27. Mackenzie AR., et al. “Zinc content of expressed human prostate fluid”. Nature (London) 193.4810 (1962): 72-73. 
  28. Marmar JL., et al. “Values for zinc in whole semen, fraction of split ejaculate and expressed prostatic fluid”. Urology 16.5 (1980): 478-480. 
  29. Zaichick V., et al. “Method for diagnostics of prostate diseases”. Certificate of Invention (1981).
  30. Zaichick V., et al. “Zinc concentration in human prostatic fluid: normal, chronic prostatitis, adenoma, and cancer”. International Urology and Nephrology 28.5 (1996): 687-694. 
  31. Al-Ebraheem A., et al. “The evaluation of biologically important trace metals in liver, kidney and breast tissue”. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 67.3 (2009): 470-474.
  32. Hennigar SR., et al. “Metallothionein and zinc transporter expression in circulating human blood cells as biomarkers of zinc status: a systematic review”. Advances in Nutrition 7.4 (2016): 735-746.
  33. Hartwig A. “Recent advances in metal carcinogenicity”. Pure and Applied Chemistry 72.6 (2000): 1007-1014.
  34. Schrauzer GN. “Antioxidant supplementation increases skin cancer risk, or, why zinc should not be considered an antioxidant”. The Journal of Nutrition 138.4 (2008): 821-822.
  35. Grigorescu R., et al. “Parameters of oxidative stress variation depending on the concentration of inorganic zinc compounds”. Journal of Medicine and Life 8.4 (2015): 449-451.
  36. Schwartz MK. “Role of trace elements in cancer”. Cancer Research 35 (1975): 3481-3487.
  37. Zaichick V. “Medical elementology as a new scientific discipline”. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 269 (2006): 303-309.
  38. Liu L., et al. “ZEB1 upregulates VEGF expression and stimulates angiogenesis in breast cancer”. PLoS One 11.2 (2016): e0148774.
  39. Cui Y., et al. “Levels of zinc, selenium, calcium, and iron in benign breast tissue and risk of subsequent breast cancer”. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 16.8 (2007): 1682-1685.
  40. Zaichick V., et al. “Intracellular zinc excess as one of the main factors in the etiology of prostate cancer”. Journal of Analytical Oncology 5.3 (2016): 124-131.
  41. Birnbaum D., et al. “Zinc content of rat sperm cells from ejaculate, vas, spididymis and testis”. Proceedings of Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 108.2 (1961): 321-324.
  42. Mackenzie AR., et al. “Zinc content of expressed human prostate fluid”. Nature (London) 193.4810 (1962): 72-73.
  43. Burgos MH. “Biochemical and functional properties related to sperm metabolism and fertility”. In: Male accessory sex organs (Ed.: Brandes D.) New York: Academic press (1974): 151-160.
  44. Marmar JL., et al. “Semen zinc levels in infertile and post vasectomy patients and partients with prostatitis”. Fertility and Sterility 26.11 (1975): 1057-1063.
  45. Anderson RU and Fair WR. “Physical and chemical determinations of prostatic secretion in benign hyperplasia, prostatitis, and adenocarcinoma”. Investigative Urology 2 (1976): 137-140.
  46. Fair WR., et al. “Prostatic antibacterial factor. Identity and significance”. Urology 7.2 (1976): 169-177.
  47. Paz G., et al. “Human semen analysis. Seminal plasma and prostatic fluid composition and their interrelations with sperm quality”. International Journal of Fertility 22 (1977): 140-147.
  48. Fair WR and Cordonnier JJ. “The pH of prostatic fluid: A reappraisal and therapeutic implications”. The Journal of Urology 120.6 (1978): 695-698.
  49. Homonnai ZT., et al. “The cation composition of the seminal plasma and prostatic fluid and its correlation to semen quality”. Fertility and Sterility 29.5 (1978): 539-542.
  50. Marmar JL., et al. “Values for zinc in whole semen, fraction of split ejaculate and expressed prostatic fluid”. Urology 16.5 (1980): 478-480.
  51. Zaneveld LJD and Tauber PF. “Contribution of prostatic fluid components to the ejaculate”. In: Prostatic Cell: Structure and Function. (Eds.: Murphy G.P., Sandberg A.A., Karr J.P.). New York: Alan R. Liss (1981): 265-277.
  52. Kavanagh JP and Darby C. “The interrelationships between acid phosphatase, aminopeptidase, diamine oxidase, citric acid, β-glucuronidase, pH and zinc in human prostate fluid”. International Journal of Andrology 5 (1982): 503-512.
  53. Kavanagh JP. “Zinc binding properties of human prostatic tissue, prostatic secretion and seminal fluid”. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 68.2 (1983): 359-363.
  54. Mo ZN., et al. “Early and late long-term effects of vasectomy on Zn, Cd, and Cu levels in prostatic fluid and serum”. Asian Journal of Andrology 2 (2000): 121-124.
  55. Cui D., et al. “The effect of chronic prostatitis on zinc concentration of prostatic fluid and seminal plasma: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Journal Current Medical Research and Opinion 31.9 (2015): 1763-1769.
  56. Gomes Y., et al. “Zinc levels in prostatic fluid of patients with prostate pathologies”. Investigacion Clinica 48.3 (2007): 287-294.
  57. Costello LC and Franklin RB. “Prostatic fluid electrolyte composition for the screening of prostate cancer: a potential solution to a major problem”. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 12.1 (2009): 17-24.
  58. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Effect of age on the Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn concentrations in human prostatic fluid investigated by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent microanalysis”. Micro Medicine 6.2 (2018): 94-104. 
  59. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn levels in the prostatic secretion of patients with chronic prostatitis”. International Archives of Urology and Complications 4 (2018): 046. 
  60. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Trace element concentrations in the expressed prostatic secretion of normal and hyperplastic prostate”. Journal of Urology and Nephrology Studies 1.3 (2018): 1-7.
  61. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “Trace elements of expressed prostatic secretions as a source for biomarkers of prostatic cancer”. Journal of Clinical Research in Oncology 1.1 (2018): 1-7. 
  62. Zaichick V. “Sampling, sample storage and preparation of biomaterials for INAA in clinical medicine, occupational and environmental health”. In: Harmonization of Health-Related Environmental Measurements Using Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques. Vienna: IAEA (1997): 123-133. 
  63. Zaichick V and Zaichick S. “A search for losses of chemical elements during freeze-drying of biological materials”. Journаl of RаdioаnаIуtiсаI аnd Nuсlеar Chemistrу 218.2 (1997): 249-253.
  64. Zaichick V. “Losses of chemical elements in biological samples under the dry aching process”. Trace Elements in Medicine 5.3 (2004): 17-22. 
  65. Zaichick V., et al. “Method and portable facility for measurement of trace element concentration in prostate fluid samples using radionuclide-induced energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis”. Nuclear Science and Technology 27.6 (2016): 1-8. 
  66. Iyengar GV. “Reevaluation of the trace element content in reference men”. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 51.4-6 (1998): 545-560.
  67. Zaichick V., et al. “Activation analysis of saliva: clinical chemistry, environmental and occupational toxicology”. Journаl of RаdioаnаIуtiсаI аnd Nuсlеar Chemistrу 95.1 (1995):123-132.
×

Citation

Citation: Vladimir Zaichick and Sofia Zaichick. “A Systematic Review of the Zinc Concentrations in the Prostate Fluid of Normal Gland". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences 4.1 (2020): 82-89.




Metrics

Acceptance rate30%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days
Impact Factor1.403

Indexed In





Contact US





Creative Commons License Open Access by Acta Scientific is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Based on a work at https://actascientific.com

ff

Acta-Publications

ff

© 2021 Acta Scientific, All rights reserved.