Acta Scientific Microbiology (ISSN: 2581-3226)

Review Article Volume 4 Issue 7

State Sponsored Bioterrorism: An Instant Need to Develop Counter Action Strategies and Safety Options for Future

R K Upadhyay*

Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, UP, India

*Corresponding Author: R K Upadhyay, Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, UP, India.

Received: May 28, 2021 ; Published: June 24, 2021

Abstract

Present article explains major threats generated by bioterrorism, risks, and its devastation impact on human life. This article also high lights different bio-weapons or genetically modified micro-organisms, methods of bio-defense, bio-security, surveillance and other strategies to counter attack the bio-weapon dissemination. Terrorists can disseminate these HMMOs in the environment to take revenge from states. Their mental temper is to cause widespread fear and panic among the people beyond the actual social, physical, economic damage and destruction of living environment. Biological agents multiply very fast one they open in the environment and infect people in masses with high multiplication of affected people. Within few days they cause large numbers of fatalities in comparison to any naturally occurring disease. It seemingly put longer implications on society, economy and biological life of an affected country. Therefore, fast counter safety is highly essential to slow down deadly fission or chain of microbes like radioactive wombs. These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security and must require special action for public health preparedness to minimize the or breakdown deadly impact of microorganisms by making safety vaccines for immunization, antimicrobial drugs, sera, antibodies and all other prophylactic and safety measures. Further, to mitigate the effect of any virus, bacterial, fungal, protozoan attack, special microbial disease prevention centers and clinical aid centers must be established with all possible equipments and clinical aids. These are more essentially required for the safety of citizens of this sovereign country. This should be included in national security advisory and priority list to create fast acting operational groups in wartime. Covid-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a China made virus, it has many features similar to a biological weapon.

Keywords: Bio-terrorism; Threats; Mutually Deterrent World (MDW); Human Modified Mass Multiplying Microorganisms (HMMOs); Non-confronting Countries (NCCs); Prophylactic and Safety Measures

References

  1. Clercq E De and Kern ER. “Handbook of Viral Bioterrorism and Biodefense”. Elsevier Science; 1st edition 57.1-2 (2003): 1-152.
  2. Naeem Z and Iftikhar S. “Bioterrorism, an Emerging Threat”. Trends of Environmental Forensics in Pakistan (2019): 111-124.
  3. Atakro CA., et al. “Nurses' and Medical Officers' Knowledge, Attitude, and Preparedness Toward Potential Bioterrorism Attacks”. SAGE Open Nursing 3 (2019): 5.
  4. Artenstein AW. “Bioterrorism and Biodefense”. Infectious Diseases (2017): 670-679.e1.
  5. Green MS., et al. “Confronting the threat of bioterrorism: realities, challenges, and defensive strategies”. Lancet Infectious Disease1 (2019): e2-e13.
  6. Clements B. “Bioterrorism preparedness coordination: an ataxic saga continues”. Public Health Report1 (2004): 16-18.
  7. Nofal A., et al. “Knowledge and preparedness of healthcare providers towards bioterrorism”. BMC Health Services Research (2021): 21.
  8. Janik E., et al. “Biological Toxins as the Potential Tools for Bioterrorism”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 5 (2018).
  9. Treadwell TA., et al. “Epidemiologic clues to bioterrorism”. Public Health Report2 (2003): 92-98.
  10. Polyak CS., et al. “Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax: International Response by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention”. Emerging Infectious Diseases10 (2002): 1056-1059.
  11. Oliveira M., et al. “Biowarfare, bioterrorism and biocrime: A historical overview on microbial harmful applications”. Forensic Science International 314 (2020): 110366.
  12. Durodié B. “Facing the possibility of bioterrorism”. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 3 (2004): 264-268.
  13. Jończyk-Matysiak E. “Possible Use of Bacteriophages Active against Bacillus anthracis and Other B. cereus Group Members in the Face of a Bioterrorism Threat”. Biomed Research International 2014 (2014).
  14. Craft DW., et al. “Bioterrorism: a Laboratory Who Does It?” Journal of Clinical Microbiology7 (2014): 2290-2298.
  15. Ryan CP. “Zoonoses Likely to Be Used in Bioterrorism”. Public Health Report3 (2008): 276-281.
  16. Dworkin MS., et al. “Fear of Bioterrorism and Implications for Public Health Preparedness”. Emerging Infectious Diseases4 (2003): 503-505.
  17. Sandhu HS., et al. “A global network for early warning and response to infectious diseases and bioterrorism: applied epidemiology and training programs, 2001”. American Journal of Public Health 10 (2003): 1640-1642.
  18. McKinney WP. “Educating Health Professionals to Respond to Bioterrorism”. Public Health Report 120 (2005): 42-47.
  19. M’ikanatha NM. “Automated Laboratory Reporting of Infectious Diseases in a Climate of Bioterrorism”. Emerging Infectious Diseases9 (2003): 1053-1057.
  20. O'Toole T. “Emerging illness and bioterrorism: Implications for public health”. Journal of Urban Health2 (2001): 396-402.
  21. Tegnell A., et al. “Biological weapons: Development of a matrix to evaluate the threat of biological agents used for bioterrorism”. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 19 (2006): 2223-2228.
  22. IHB - The DoD Immunization Information and Training Portal". Archived from the original on 2009-08-14 (2009).
  23. "CDC Botulism - Emergency Preparedness and Response". 2019-08-19.
  24. "IHB - The DoD Immunization Information and Training Portal". Archived from the original on 2009-08-14.
  25. Nigam, PK and Nigam A. "Botulinism toxin". Indian Journal of Dermatology1 (2010): 8-14
  26. "CDC - Facts About Botulism". Archived from the original on 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  27. Nordin JD., et al. “Bioterrorism Surveillance and Privacy: Intersection of HIPAA, the Common Rule, and Public Health Law”. American Journal of Public Health5 (2008): 802-807.
  28. Chang Mh., et al. “Endemic, Notifiable Bioterrorism-Related Diseases, United States, 1992-1999”. Emerging Infectious Diseases5 (2003): 556-564.
  29. Budowle B., et al. “Role of law enforcement response and microbial forensics in investigation of bioterrorism”. Croatian Medical Journal 4 (2007): 437-449.
  30. Balicer RD and Wiser I. “Introduction to Bioterrorism Risk Assessment”. Risk Assessment and Risk Communication Strategies in Bioterrorism Preparedness (2007): 3-17.
  31. Bravata DM., et al. “Evaluating Detection and Diagnostic Decision Support Systems for Bioterrorism”. Emerging Infectious Diseases1 (2004): 100-108.
  32. Christian MD. “Biowarfare and Bioterrorism”. Critical Care3 (2013): 717-756.
  33. Buehler JW., et al. “Syndromic Surveillance and Bioterrorism-related Epidemics”. Emerging Infectious Diseases10 (2003): 1197-1204.
  34. Neo JPS and Tan BH. “The use of animals as a surveillance tool for monitoring environmental health hazards, human health hazards and bioterrorism”. Veterinary Microbiology 203 (2017): 40-48.
  35. Dantas-Torres F., et al. “Human-Animal Medicine, Clinical Approaches to Zoonoses, Toxicants and Other Shared Health”. Parasites Vectors 3 (2010): 20.
  36. Radosavljević V and Jakovljević B. “Bioterrorism—Types of epidemics, new epidemiological paradigm and levels of prevention”. Public Health7 (2007): 549-557.
  37. Heller MB., et al. “Laboratory Response to Anthrax Bioterrorism, New York City, 2001”. Emerging Infectious Diseases10 (2002): 1096-102.
  38. Wagar E. “Bioterrorism and the Role of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory”. Clinical Microbiology Review1 (2016): 175-89.
  39. Zhang P. “Application of UPT-POCT in Anti-bioterrorism and Biosecurity”. Principles and Applications of Up-converting Phosphor Technology (2019): 211-233.
  40. Hutwagner L., et al. “The bioterrorism preparedness and response Early Aberration Reporting System”. Journal of Urban Health 80 (2003): i89-96.
  41. Stein BD., et al. “Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of Bioterrorism: Planning a Public Health Response”. Milbank Q3 (2004): 413-455.
  42. Parnell GS., et al. “Intelligent Adversary Risk Analysis: A Bioterrorism Risk Management Model”. Risk Analysis1 (2010): 32-48.
  43. Pien BC., et al. “Use of Sentinel Laboratories by Clinicians to Evaluate Potential Bioterrorism and Emerging Infections”. Clinical Infectious Disease9 (2006): 1311-1324.
  44. Koplan J and Koplan J. “CDC's strategic plan for bioterrorism preparedness and response”. Public Health Report 116 (2001): 9-16.
  45. DiGiovanni C., et al. “Community Reaction to Bioterrorism: Prospective Study of Simulated Outbreak”. Emerging Infectious Diseases6 (2003): 708-712.
  46. “CDC Smallpox Home”. 2019-02-19.
  47. Ryan CP. “Zoonoses Likely to Be Used in Bioterrorism”. Public Health Report3 (2008): 276-281.
  48. Hassani M., et al. “Vaccines for the prevention of diseases caused by potential bioweapons”. Clinical Immunology1 (2004): 1-15.
  49. Moran GJ., et al. “Biological terrorism”. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 1 (2008): 145-187.
  50. Charrel RN., et al. “Multi-pathogens sequence containing plasmids as positive controls for universal detection of potential agents of bioterrorism”. BMC Microbiology 4 (2004): 21.
  51. Chen Y and Li L. “SARS-CoV-2: virus dynamics and host response”. Lancet Infectious Disease 5 (2020): 515-516.
  52. Upadhyay R K. “Corona Virus Generated Pathogenesis, Antigenicity, Neurovirulence, and Host Immune Responses”. Acta Scientific Microbiology6 (2021): 53-69.

Citation

Citation: R K Upadhyay. “State Sponsored Bioterrorism: An Instant Need to Develop Counter Action Strategies and Safety Options for Future ”. Acta Scientific Microbiology 4.7 (2021): 112-122.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 R K Upadhyay. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate33%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In



News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is November 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"
  • Welcoming Article Submission
    Acta Scientific delightfully welcomes active researchers for submission of articles towards the upcoming issue of respective journals.

Contact US