Acta Scientific Microbiology (ISSN: 2581-3226)

Review Article Volume 4 Issue 7

Therapeutic Potential of Olive's Bioactive Compounds in COVID-19 Disease Management

Chandrashekharaiah PS1, Santosh Kodgire1, Vishal Paul1, Dishant Desai1, Shivbachan Kushwaha1, Debanjan Sanyal1* and Santanu Dasgupta2

1Reliance Industries Ltd., Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
2Reliance Industries Ltd., Navi, Mumbai, India

*Corresponding Author: Debanjan Sanyal, Reliance Industries Ltd., Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. E-mail: Debanjan.Sanyal@ril.com

Received: June 07, 2021 ; Published:

Abstract

Currently, the world is continuously discovering effective treatment strategies for controlling the Coronavirus disease - 2019 (COVID-19). Many researchers have focused on designing drugs that can affect the replication or protease activity of coronavirus. The clinical testing and regulatory approvals for these drugs will take time. However, currently, there's an urgent requirement for treatment strategies that are safe, effective, and can be implemented through readily available products in the market. Many plant-derived products rich in secondary metabolites have potential health benefits and antimicrobial properties. The olive plant products (olive oil and leaf extracts) are rich in secondary metabolites, for instance, phenols (oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol) and terpenoids (oleanolic, maslinic, and ursolic acid). These compounds were used as an effective anti-viral agent in the past. The phenolics affect the virus attachment and replication. Whereas the terpenoids mainly affect the membrane fluidity of the virus. In recent molecular dock studies, it was found that these compounds effectively bound to Mpro and 3CLpro protease sites of COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) and were hypothesized to affect the replication of the virus. Apart from anti-viral properties, these bioactive compounds function as anti-inflammatory, anti-modulatory, anti-thrombotic, and anti-oxidative agents. Olive oil has been widely used for cooking all over the world. The consumption of olive oil is safe and is believed to increase immunity against various infectious microbes. Hence olive products can be explored in control of COVID-19 disease. This review summarizes and discusses the numerous properties of phenolic and terpenoid compounds found in olives in the context of COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19; Olive Oil; Phenols; Terpenes; Plant Secondary Metabolites

References

  1. Wu A., et al. "Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in Chinaˮ. Cell Host and Microbe 3 (2020): 325-328.
  2. Das S., et al. "An investigation into identifying potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease using molecular docking study". Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 13 (2020): 1-11.
  3. National Health Commission of China (2020).
  4. Ganjhu RK., et al. "Herbal plants, and plant preparations as remedial approach for viral diseasesˮ. Virus Disease 26 (2015): 225-236.
  5. Covas, et al. "Minor Bioactive Olive Oil Components and Health: Key Data for Their Role in Providing Health Benefits in Humans. In Olive and Olive Oil Bioactive Constituents". Elsevier, Inc.: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 31 (2015).
  6. Heurich A. et al. "TMPRSS2 and ADAM17 Cleave ACE2 Differentially and Only Proteolysis by TMPRSS2 Augments Entry Driven by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Proteinˮ. Journal of Virology 88 (2014): 1293-1307.
  7. Chen N., et al. "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive studyˮ. Lancet10223 (2020): 507-513.
  8. Opal SM. "Interactions between coagulation and inflammationˮ. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 35 (2003): 545-554.
  9. Xu XT., et al. "Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission". Science China Life Sciences3 (2020): 457-460.
  10. Li H., et al. "SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: Observations and hypothesesˮ. Lancet 395 (2020): 1517-1520.
  11. Yan Y., et al. "Antimalaria drug chloroquine is highly effective in treating avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in an animal modelsˮ. Cell Research 23 (2013): 300-302.
  12. Zhang W., et al. "The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The experience of clinical immunologists from China". Clinical Immunology (2020): 108393.
  13. Hongzhou L. "Efficacy and safety of Darunavir and Cobicistat for Treatment of Pneumonia Caused by 2019-nCoV". (2020).
  14. Sandro G., et al. "Clinical trials on drug repositioning for COVID-19 treatmentˮ. Pan American Journal of Public Health 44 (2020): e40.
  15. Caly L., et al. "The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro". Antiviral Research 178 (2020): 104787.
  16. Hoffmann M., et al. "The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells". bioRxivn (2020): 01.31.929042.
  17. Agostini ML., et al. "Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease". mBio 9 (2018): e00221-318.
  18. Zumla A., et al. "Coronaviruses-drug discovery and therapeutic options". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 15 (2016): 327-347.
  19. De Clercq E. "New nucleoside analogues for the treatment of hemorrhagic fever virus infections". Chemistry - An Asian Journal 14 (2019): 3962-3968.
  20. Russell CD., et al. "Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injuryˮ. Lancet 395 (2020): 473-475.
  21. Sanders JM., et al. "Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) A Reviewˮ. Journal of the American Medical Association 18 (2020).
  22. Clinical trials Arena. “Incyte begins Phase III trial of ruxolitinib to treat Covid-19” (2020).
  23. Shen C., et al. treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasmaˮ. Journal of the American Medical Association (2020).
  24. Duffy S. "Why are RNA virus mutation rates so damn high?" PLOS Biology 16 (2018): e3000003.
  25. Oliveira AFCS., et al. "Potential anti-virals: Natural products targeting replication enzymes of dengue and Chikungunya virusesˮ. Molecules3 (2017): 505.
  26. Adem S., et al. "Identification of potent covid-19 main protease (mpro) inhibitors from natural polyphenols: an in-silico strategy unveils a hope against CORONA". Preprints (2020):
  27. Nadia C., et al. "Olive Oil, the Mediterranean Diet". Academic Press 13 (2015): 135-142.
  28. Sobiesiak M. "Chemical Structure of Phenols and Its Consequence for Sorption Processes”. Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications (2017).
  29. Quesada CS., et al. "Bioactive Properties of the Main Triterpenes Found in Olives, Virgin Olive Oil, and Leaves of Olea europaea". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50 (2013): 12173-12182.
  30. Wink M. 2015. "Modes of action of herbal medicines and plant secondary metabolitesˮ. Medicines 2 (2015): 251-286.
  31. Lee-Huang S., et al. "Discovery of small-molecule HIV-1 fusion and integrase inhibitors oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 354 (2007): 872-878.
  32. Guiqin Z., et al. "Anti-viral efficacy against hepatitis B virus replication of oleuropein isolated from Jasminum officinale L. var. grandiflorumˮ. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 125 (2009): 265-268.
  33. Kentaro Y., et al. "Mechanism of the anti-viral effect of hydroxytyrosol on influenza virus appears to involve morphological change of the virus". Antiviral Research 83 (2009): 35-44.
  34. Kong L., et al. "Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid: Novel hepatitis C virus anti-virals that inhibit NS5B activityˮ. Antiviral Research 98 (2013): 44-53.
  35. Hattori M., et al. "Survey of anti-HIV and anti-HCV compounds from Natural sources". ‪Canadian Chemical Transactions 2 (2013): 116-140.
  36. Passero L., "Exacerbation of Leishmania (Viannia) shawi infection in BALB/c mice after immunization with soluble antigen from amastigote formsˮ. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica 12 (2010): 973-981.
  37. Kotas ME and Medzhitov R. "Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Disease Susceptibility". Cell 160 (2015): 816-827.
  38. Muto E., et al. "Olive oil phenolic extract regulates interleukin-8 expression by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in Caco-2 cellsˮ. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 59 (2015): 1217-1221.
  39. Impellizzeri D., et al. "The effects of oleuropein aglycone, an olive oil compound, in a mouse model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy". Clinical nutrition 30 (2011): 533-540.
  40. Visioli F., et al. "Anti-oxidant and other biological activities of phenols from olives and olive oil". Medicinal Research Reviews 22 (2002): 65-75.
  41. Granados-Principal S., et al. “Hydroxytyrosol inhibits growth and cell proliferation and promotes high expression of sfrp4 in rat mammary tumoursˮ. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 55 (2011): S117-S126.
  42. Silva S., et al. "Protective effects of hydroxytyrosol-supplemented refined olive oil in animal models of acute inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis". The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 26 (2015): 360-368.
  43. Kashyap D., et al. "Ursolic acid (UA): A metabolite with promising therapeutic potentialˮ. Life Sciences 146 (2016): 201-213.
  44. Wonhwa L., et al. "Anti-inflammatory effects of oleanolic acid on LPS-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo". Inflammation1 (2013): 94-102.
  45. Takada K., et al. "Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, members of pentacyclic triterpenoid acids, suppress TNF--induced E-selectin expression by cultured umbilical vein endothelial cellsˮ. Phytomedicine14 (2010): 1114-1119.
  46. Banno N., et al. "Anti-inflammatory and antitumor-promoting effects of the triterpene acids from the leaves of Eriobotrya japonica". Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 10 (2005): 1995-1999.
  47. Li C., et al. "Maslinic acid suppresses osteoclastogenesis and prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss by regulating RANKL-mediated NF-𝜅B and MAPK signaling pathwaysˮ. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research3 (2011): 644-656.
  48. Marquez-Martin A., et al. "Modulation of cytokine secretion by pentacyclic triterpenes from olive pomace oil in human mononuclear cells". Cytokines 36 (2006): 211-217.
  49. Allouche Y., et al. "Anti-oxidant, antiproliferative, and pro-apoptotic capacities of pentacyclic triterpenes found in the skin of olives on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and their effects on DNA damageˮ. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59 (2011): 121-130.
  50. Martin R., et al. "DIOL triterpenes block profibrotic effects of angiotensin II and protect from cardiac hypertrophyˮ. PLOS One 7 (2012): e41545.
  51. Seung-Hyung K., et al. "Oleanolic acid suppresses ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and Th2- mediated allergic asthma by modulating the transcription factors Tbet, GATA-3, RORt and Foxp3 in asthmatic mice". International Immunopharmacology 2 (2014): 311-324.
  52. Teresa V., et al. "Immunomodulatory properties of Olea europaea leaf extract in intestinal inflammation". Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 10 (2017): 1601066.
  53. Ayatollahi A., et al. “Pentacyclic triterpenes in euphorbia microsciadia with their T-cell proliferation activity”. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2 (2011): 287-294.
  54. Sanchez-Tena, S., et al. "Maslinic acid-enriched diet decreases intestinal tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ mice through transcriptomic and metabolomic reprogrammingˮ. PLOS One 3 (2013): e59392.
  55. Yujiro A., et al. "Thrombus Formation and Propagation in the Onset of Cardiovascular Events". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 25 (2018): 653-664.
  56. Ewelina M., et al. "Platelet secretion: From haemostasis to wound healing and beyondˮ. Blood Reviews3 (2015): 153-162.
  57. Cicerale S., et al. "Biological activities of phenolic compounds present in virgin olive oil". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 11 (2010): 458-479.
  58. Jose A., et al. "Virgin olive oil polyphenol hydroxytyrosol acetate inhibits in vitro platelet aggregation in human whole blood: comparison with hydroxytyrosol and acetylsalicylic acidˮ. British Journal of Nutrition 101 (2009): 1157-1164.
  59. Smith RD., et al. "Long-term monounsaturated fatty acid diets reduce platelet aggregation in healthy young subjects". British Journal of Nutrition 90 (2003): 597-606.
  60. Brzosko S., et al. "Effect of extra virgin olive oil on experimental thrombosis and primary hemostasis in ratsˮ. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 12 (2002): 337-342.
  61. De la Cruz JP., et al. "Anti-thrombotic potential of olive oil administration in rabbits with elevated cholesterol". Thrombosis Research 100 (2000): 305-315.
  62. Elzagallaai A., et al. "Platelet secretion induced by phorbol esters stimulation is mediated through phosphorylation of MARCKS: A MARCKS‐derived peptide blocks MARCKS phosphorylation and serotonin release without affecting pleckstrin phosphorylation". Blood3 (2000): 894-902.
  63. Verhamme P and Hoylaerts M. "The pivotal role of the endothelium in haemostasis and thrombosisˮ. Acta Clinica Belgica 5 (2006): 213-219.
  64. Weinbrenner T., et al. "Olive oils high in phenolic compounds modulate oxidative/anti-oxidative status in men". The Journal of Nutrition 134 (2004): 2314-2321.
  65. Visioli F., et al. "Biological activities and metabolic fate of olive oil phenolsˮ. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 104 (2002): 677-684.
  66. Coni E., et al. "Protective effect of oleuropein, an olive oil biophenol, on low-density lipoprotein oxidizability in rabbits". Lipids 35 (2000): 45-54.
  67. Rocı́ode P., et al. "Effects of virgin olive oil phenolics on scavenging of reactive nitrogen species and upon nitrergic neurotransmissionˮ. Life Sciences10 (2001): 1213-1222.
  68. Visioli F., et al. "Olive phenol hydroxytyrosol prevents passive smoking-induced oxidative stress". Circulation 102 (2000): 2169-2171.
  69. Lee R. "The Most Powerful Natural Antioxidant Discovered to Date Hydroxytyrosolˮ. Pro-Health (2014).
  70. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products; Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). “Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to polyphenols in olive and maintenance of normal blood HDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 1639, further assessment) pursuant to Article 13 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006”. EFSA Journal 10 (2012): 2848.
  71. Huang L., et al. "Anti-inflammatory effects of maslinic acid, a natural triterpene, in cultured cortical astrocytes via suppression of nuclear factor-kappa". European Journal of Pharmacology 672 (2011): 169-174.
  72. Lin C., et al. "Antiangiogenic potential of three triterpenic acids in human liver cancer cells". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59 (2011): 755-762.
  73. Tsai S and Yin M. "Anti-oxidative, anti-glycative and antiapoptotic effects of oleanolic acid in brain of mice treated by D-galactoseˮ. European Journal of Pharmacology 689 (2012): 81-88.
  74. Bhatwalkar S., et al. "Validation of environmental disinfection efficiency of traditional Ayurvedic fumigation practices". Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 10 (2019): 203-206.
  75. Ludwiczuk A., et al. “Terpenoids”. In: Badal, S., Delgoda, R. (Eds.), Pharmacognosy: Fundamentals, Applications and Strategyˮ. Academic Press, Jamaica (2017): 233-266.
  76. Acharya C., et al. "Recent advances in ligand-based drug design: Relevance and utility of the conformationally sampled pharmacophore approach". Current Computer-Aided Drug Design 7 (2011): 10-22.
  77. Liu X., et al. "The Crystal Structure of 2019-NCoV Main Protease in Complex with an Inhibitor N3ˮ. RCSB Protein Data Bank (2020).
  78. Khaerunnisa S., et al. "Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) From Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Studyˮ. Preprint, Medicine and Pharmacology (2020).
  79. Sampangi R., et al. "Molecular docking analysis of selected natural products from plants for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease". Current Science 7 (2020): 10.
  80. Vardhan S and Sahoo S. "In silico ADMET and molecular docking study on searching potential inhibitors from limonoids and triterpenoids for COVID-19ˮ. Computers in Biology and Medicine124 (2020): 103936.

Citation

Citation: Chandrashekharaiah., et al. “Therapeutic Potential of Olive's Bioactive Compounds in COVID-19 Disease Management ”. Acta Scientific Microbiology 4.7 (2021): 98-111.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Chandrashekharaiah., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate33%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days

Indexed In



News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is December 25, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"

Contact US