2004 Study of Risk Factors for an Increasing Gradient in the Burden of
Liver Cirrhosis in 158 Countries in Men and Women
Ludmila Alexandrovna Radkevich* and Dariya Andreyevna Radkevich
Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
*Corresponding Author: Ludmila Alexandrovna Radkevich, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Received:
January 21, 2022; Published: February 21, 2022
Abstract
Goals and objectives of this study: To conduct a step-by-step comparative analysis of the risk factors for the formation of the cirrhosis burden gradient in 8 groups of 158 countries of the world. 2004.
Conduct a stepwise comparative analysis of risk factors for the formation of a gradient in the burden of cirrhosis of the liver (LC) in 8 groups of 158 countries.
Materials and Methods: A comparative analysis of risk factors for the burden of liver cirrhosis (LC) in 2004 (GBD, 2004) was performed using the Mann- Whitney U test in 8 groups of countries of the world, 20 countries in each group.
Results: In accordance with the goal in our research, it was found that in countries 1- group 8 compared with group 8 countries, the median burden of liver cirrhosis was 10 times higher (p ≤ 0.001). Burden of comorbid diseases - alcoholism and cardiovascular disease were 2 times higher in the 8th group of countries compared to the 1st group of countries (p ≤ 0. 001).
The burden of diabetes did not differ statistically significantly between the countries of the 1st and 2nd th groups. Per capita income dropped sharply by 10 times from group 1 to groups 3-4. Further from the 4th group, per capita income increased by 4-6 times to the 8th group of countries. Ultraviolet (J/n2) increased to the equator from 1 to 4 groups of countries, and then decreased towards northern latitudes. The longitude grew from Group 1 to Group 8 (from 30° to 70°).
Quality of life indicators in the 8 country groups were statistically dependent on income IPC. General level of food consumption the overall level of consumption of TCL products did not change significantly between country groups and tended to decrease. The total percentage of consumption of alcoholic drinks (strong alcohol, wine and beer - g/person/day) from of the total level of food consumption TCL, a statistically significant decrease from group 1 to group 8 of countries. The ratio of the level of consumption of strong alcohol to wine, or beer, increased statistically significantly from the 1st group of countries to the 8th group by 2-3 times. The ratio of animal fat to vegetable oils increased from Group 1 to Group 8 countries. Total energy and total fat (kcal/person/day) decreased from Group 1 to Group8 9 countries with unchanged protein levels. However, the % of animal fat of total fat steadily increased significantly in the direction of the increasing LC gradient from country group 1 to country group 8. From the 1st group of countries to the 8th group, the percentage of fast NAT2 acetylators increased.
Conclusion: The results obtained suggest a two-phase change in economic and geographical characteristics. An increase in the consumption of strong alcohol and animal fat with a stepwise cross-country growth of the cirrhosis LC gradient. Further research into risk factors for cirrhosis LC is needed.
Keywords: Liver Cirrhosis Burden Gradient in 158 Countries; Cardiovascular Vascular Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Alcoholism; Risk Factors; Levels of Alcohol and Food Consumption; Metabolic Syndrome
References
- GBD 2017 Cirrhosis Collaborators. “The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017”. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatology 3 (2020): 245-266.
- Ginès P., et al. “Liver cirrhosis”. Lancet 10308 (2021): 1359-1376.
- Pierantonelli I and Svegliati-Baroni G. “Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Basic Pathogenetic Mechanisms in the Progression From NAFLD to NASH”. Transplantation 1 (2019): e1-e13.
- Kappus MR. “Acute Hepatic Failure and Nutrition”. Nutrition in Clinical Practice1 (2020): 30-35.
- Lozano R., et al. “Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010”. Lancet 380 (9859 (2012): 2095-2128.
- Benhammou JN., et al. “Emerging risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated hepatocellular carcinoma”. Hepatoma Research 6 (2020): 35.
- Schuppan D and Afdhal NH. “Liver cirrhosis”. Lancet9615 (2018): 838-851.
- Younossi ZM., et al. “AGA Clinical Practice Update on Lifestyle Modification Using Diet and Exercise to Achieve Weight Loss in the Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Expert Review”. Gastroenterology3 (2021): 912-918.
- Peng JK., et al. “Symptom prevalence and quality of life of patients with end-stage liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Palliative Medicine1 (2019): 24-36.
- Fukui H., et al. “Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis 2015”. Journal of Gastroenterology7 (2016): 629-650.
- Roerecke M., et al. “Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. American Journal of Gastroenterology10 (2019): 1574-1586.
- Fabrellas N., et al. “Nursing Care of Patients with Cirrhosis: The Liver Hope Nursing Project. Liver Hope Consortium Investigators”. Hepatology3 (2020): 1106-1116.
- Tandon P., et al. “Exercise in cirrhosis: Translating evidence and experience to practice”. Journal of Hepatology5 (2018): 1164-1177.
- Sheka AC., et al. “Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Review”. JAMA12 (2020): 1175-1183.
- Makri E., et al. “Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Emerging Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease”. Archives of Medical Research1 (2021): 25-37.
- Takahashi Y. “The Role of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in the Liver”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences7 (2020): 1447.
- Brunner KT., et al. “Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Obesity Treatment”. Current Obesity Reports3 (2019): 220-228.
- Ganne-Carrié N. “[Epidemiology of liver cirrhosis]”. La Revue du praticien 67.7 (2017): 726-730.
- Nishikawa H and Osaki Y. “Liver Cirrhosis: Evaluation, Nutritional Status, and Prognosis”. Mediators of Inflammation 2015 (2015): 872152.
- World Health Organization. “The global burden of disease”. 2004 update. Geneva, WHO (2008).
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division. 2009. World Population Prospects (2008).
- World Health Organization. “Average daily ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) level”. World Health Data Platform/GHO/Indicator Metadata Registry List Average daily ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) level (2004).
- World Population Prospects United Nations (2010).
- Bhaven N Sampat. “Academic Patents and Access to Medicines in Developing Countries”. American Journal of Public Health1 (2009): 9-17.
- Gross National Happiness Commission. Royal Government of Bhutan.
- Global Health Observatory (GHO) data; Indicator and Measurement Registry version 1.7.0 BMI≥ 25; total cholesterol ≥ 5.0; blood glucose ≥ 7.0; insufficiently active. WHO (World Health Organization) Percentage of defined population Program Country (2008).
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food Balance Sheets (2005).
- Ludmila Radkevich and Dariya Radkevich. “Comparative Analysis of Risk Factors for Liver Cirrhosis in the World”. Academic Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology2 (2021).
- Radkevich LA and Radkevich DA. “Ecological Determinants of the Happiness Index, Life Expectancy, Incidence and Dietary Patterns in Different Countries”. Journal of Obesity and Chronic Diseases1 (2018): 26-36.
- Radkevich LA and Radkevich DA. “Comparative Analysis of Economic, Geographic, Social and Nutritional Risk Factors 4 Types of Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases (Melanoma, Multiple Sclerosis, Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertensive Heart Disease) in the Mediterranean and Caribbean Countries (Population Study)”. Journal of Obesity and Chronic Diseases2 (2020): 51-58.
- Radkevich LA. “Overweight and Obesity as the Risk Factors for Leukemia in the Mediterranean Countries”. Journal of Obesity and Chronic Diseases1 (2020): 23-34.
- Ludmila Radkevich and Dariya Radkevich. “Happy People in the World Live 25 Years Longer Than Unhappy People and are Less Likely to Suffer from Cardio Pathologies”. Journal of Cardiology Research Reviews and Reports1 (2021): 1-13.
- Lyudmila Alexandrovna Radkevich and Dariya Andreyevna Radkevich. “Analysis of the Burden of Cardiovascular Morbidity in Countries with High and Low Levels of Daily Food Consumption”. Journal of Cardiology Research Reviews and Reports1 (2021).
- Ludmila Radkevich and Dariya Radkevich. “Can Alcohol and Obesity be Considered Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus? (environmental study)”. Current Research in Diabetes and Obesity Journal1 (2021): 555905.
- Lyudmila Alexandrovna Radkevich and Dariya Andreyevna Radkevich. “Dietary Patterns and Economic and Geographic Risk Factors for the Burden of Diabetes Mellitus (Observational Study)”. EC Diabetes and Metabolic Research4 (2021): 82-96.
- Lyudmila Alexandrovna Radkevich and Daria Andreevna Radkevich. “Analysis of Dietary Patterns and Economic and Geographic Risk Factors for the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease”. Journal of Cardiology Research Reviews and Reports2 (2021).
- Ludmila Alexandrovna Radkevich and Dariya Andreyevna Radkevich. “Analysis of the Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases, Prostate and Breast Cancer and Alcoholism in Countries with High and Low Daily Alcohol Consumption”. EC Pharmacology and Toxicology10 (2021): 12-25.
- Hanai T., et al. “Usefulness of Carnitine Supplementation for the Complications of Liver Cirrhosis”. Nutrients7 (2020): 1915.
- Ludmila Alexandrovna Radkevich and Dariya Andreyevna Radkevich. “Comparative Analysis of Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases with the Use of High Doses of Wine and Strong Alcoholic Beverages”. EC Pharmacology and Toxicology1 (2022): 37-50.
- World Health Organization. “The global burden of disease: 2016 update”. Geneva, WHO (2018).
- Radkevich LA., et al. “The search for biochemical predictors of the NAT2 phenotype to optimize prophylaxis and pharmacotherapy of hepatic cirrhosis”. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 400 (2005): 52-55.
- Piruzyan LA., et al. “Prediction of chronic liver diseases on the basis of the N-acetyltransferase 2 phenotype”. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 395 (2004): 84-87.
- Khanna R., et al. “Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension - diagnosis and management”. Journal of Hepatology2 (2014): 421-441.
- Rudler M., et al. “Optimal management of ascites”. Liver International 401 (2021): 128-135.
- . “Therapeutic exercise foundation and techniques”. 5th edition (2007).
Citation
Copyright