Abstract

The muscular-physiology of the stomatognathic-postural system is a studied subject since 1940. Starting from the first considerations on the subject made by Dr A.G. Brodie, the authors of this review wanted to deepen the understanding of the connections and function of this complex system, which is made up of different interconnected systems. This review emphasises the importance of the link between mandibular posture and biomechanics and the biomechanics of the cervical spine through 5 main muscle groups: the hyoid muscles, the mastication muscles, the sub-occipital muscles, the cervical extensors and the flexor muscles of the neck. Therefore, the functional unit of the stomatognathic-postural system is a functional regulating unit, while various different systems (digestive, musculoskeletal, respiratory and psychological) carry out part of their activity through it. By Functional Regulating Unit we mean a system that is able to offset various bodily activities carried out within the same muscular-physiological unit of the organism within functional limits and which, without that system, could lead the human body to have an altered balance due to dysfunctions of one or more of these five muscle groups. The collaboration between the dentist and the therapist should, therefore, be based on the restoration of the correct neuro-muscular physiology of this Unit, where the dentist corrects the occlusal system and the therapist the muscular structures (five muscle groups, TMJ and upper cervical spine) system.

Keywords: Review; Posture; Stomatognathic System; Balance; Brodie’s Theory; Masticatory System; Collaboration Dentist-Therapist

References

1. Brodie AG. “Anatomy and Physiology of head and neck musculature”. American Journal of Orthodontics11 (1950): 831-844.
2. Da Costa. “Il Sistema Gnato-Posturale, Maggioli Editore, Santarcangelo di Romagna (RN)” (2020): 118-119.
3. De Leeuw LR and Klasser GD. “Orofacial Pain”. Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management, 5^th Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc (2013).
4. The Academy of Prosthodontics, Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms”. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 81 (1999): 101.
5. Nakahara H., et al. “Somatosensory-evoked fields for gingiva, lip, and tongue”. Journal of Dental Research 83 (2004): 307-311.
6. Cuccia A and Caradonna C. “The Relationship Between the Stomatognathic System and Body Posture Clinics 64.1 (2009): 61-66.
7. Koole P. “Masticatory Muscle Function: a Multichannel Electromyographic Investigation, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (1998).
8. Funakoshi M and Amano N. “Effects of the Tonic Neck Reflex on the Jaw Muscles of the Rat”. Journal of Dental Research4.31 (1973).
9. Urbanowicz M. The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice2 (1991).
10. Rocabado M. “Biomechanical Relationship of the cranial, cervical and hyoid regions”. Journal of Craniomandibular Practice 1 (1983): 62-63.
11. Valentino B., et al. “Electromyographic activity of a muscular group in movements specific to boxing”. A Journal on Sports Medicine, Sports Traumatology, Exercise Physiology 2 (1990): 160-162.
12. Esposito GM and Meersseman JP. “Valutazione della relazione esistente fra l’occlusione e la postura”. Dent Mod 5 (1988): 923-941.
13. Bracco P., et al. “Observations on the correlation between posture and jaw position: a pilot study”. Journal of Cranio Mandibular Practice 4 (1998): 252-257.
14. Huggare J., et al. “Head Posture and Cervicovertebral and Craniofacial Morphology in Patients with Craniomandibular Dysfunction”. Journal of Craniomandibular and Sleep Practice 3 (1992): 173-179.
15. Ohmure H., et al. “Influence of forward head posture on condylar position”. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation11 (2008): 795-800.
16. Kojiro M., et al. “Cervical Spine motion during swallowing”. European Spine Journal11 (2013): 2558-2563.
17. Erikkson PO and Zafar H. “Concomitant mandibular and head-neck movements during jaw opening-closing in man”. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation11 (1998): 859-870.
18. Guaglio G. “Bocca e Scoliosi. Nuovi Sviluppi in Ortognatodonzia”. Nike (Orbetello) (2010).
19. Kapandji IA. “Fisiologia Articolare, Tronco e Rachide”. Moduzzi Editore (1994): 170.
20. Gray H. “Anatomia del Gray, terza edizione italiana condotta sulla trentasettesima edizione inglese”. Zanichelli Editore (1993): 573.
21. Da Costa T. “Massaggio Posturale, Dall’anatomia alla fisiologia e dalla valutazione posturale ad un innovativo concetto di massaggio”. Carta Bianca Editore (2014): 81-82.
22. Lin X and Edwards SP. “Changes in natural head position in response to mandibular advancement”. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery5 (2017): 471-475.
23. Moya H., et al. “Influence of Stabilization Occlusal Splint on Craniocervical Relationships. Part I: Cephalometric Analysis”. Journal of Craniomandibular Practice1 (1994): 47-51.
24. Grazioli F., et al. “Dall’Otoneurologia alla Posturologia Statica e Dinamica, Valutazione della Sintomatologia Vertiginosa da deficit degli ingressi sensoriali”. Interlinea Editore (2015).
25. Gadotti I., et al. “Electromyography of the masticatory muscles during chewing in different head and neck postures – a pilot study”. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research2 (2020): 23-27.
26. Ridi R and Saggini R. “Equilibrio Corporeo, Collana di Dinamica Corporea e Benessere”. Edizioni Martina 178 (2003): 101.
27. Calasso M. “Analisi Posturale Cranio Cervico Mandibolare: Diagnosi, Terapia e Protocolli Clinici, Corso Teorico-Pratico”. Centro Ricerche e Studi Amplifon (2012): 3.
28. Cesarani A. “Disturbi dell’Equilibrio, Medicina del Lavoro e Medicina Sportiva, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg”. Arti Grafiche Ricordi (1993): 141.
29. Santandrea G. “Appunti del corso Posturologia Osteopatica, Postural Generation Academy GmbH, Bologna (2017).
30. Esposito V., et al. “Neuromuscolar effects of Temporomandibular joint dysfunction”. International Journal of Neuroscience 3-4 (1993): 205-207.
31. Walczynska-Dragon Baron S., et al. “Correlation between TMD and Cervical Spine Pain and Mobility: is the whole body balance TMJ related?” BioMed Research International (2014): 582414.
32. Miles TS. “Postural Control of the Human Mandible, University of Adelaide”. Archives of Oral Biology 4 (2007): 347-352.
33. Tardieu C., et al. “Dental Occlusion and Postural Control in adults”. Neuroscience Letters 2 (2009): 221-224.
34. Kibana Y., et al. “Occlusal Support and head posture”. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation1 (2002): 58-63.
35. Meyer PM and Gustowski MS. “Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment to Resolve Head and Neck Pain After Tooth Extraction”. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 112 (2012): 457-460.
36. Fuentes E., et al. “Electromyographic activity of the sphenomandibularis and lateral pterygoid human muscles during mandibular lateral movements”. Chirurgia 25 (2012): 97-99.
37. Widmalm SE., et al. “Anatomical and Electromyographic studies of the digastric muscle”. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation1 (1988): 3-21.

Citation

Citation: Collin DW da Costa and Timothy DJ da Costa. “A Review of Brodie’s Theory and a Reinterpretation of the Muscular Relationship between the Stomatognathic System and Posture”. Acta Scientific Dental Sciences 5.8 (2021):.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Collin DW da Costa and Timothy DJ da Costa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.