Omotayo Alaba Eluwole^1,2*, Kgothatso Nkoana² and Muzi Joseph Maseko²

¹Department of Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Osun State, Nigeria
²University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

*Corresponding Author: Omotayo Alaba Eluwole, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Osun State, Nigeria.

Received: August 28, 2022; Published: September 28, 2022

Abstract

Background: Major components of metabolic syndrome (MS) and other underlying biochemical derailments have the tendency to result to cardiac remodeling characterized by increased left ventricular mass index under the influence of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). This study investigated the relationship between left ventricular geometry and MS in Black South Africans using the WHO criteria to classify MS.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 668 participants of people of African ancestry age 18-70 years. Obesity was assessed using, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist to-to-hip ratio (WHR), while conventional blood pressure (BP) was assessed using electronic BP monitoring device. Blood sample was taken for biochemical parameters such as lipid profile; triglyceride (TG), high lipid lipoprotein (HDL)), fasting blood glucose. Metabolic syndrome was defined according WHO criteria. All analyses were conducted using SPSS software for Windows, version 11.0J (SPSS, Chicago, USA) and STATA.

Results: When participants were classified according to gender, there was significant difference between men and women in the incidence of BMI. WC and MS were significantly higher in women compared to men. When the participants were classified according to MS status, LVMI was significantly higher in people with MS compared to those without MS while E/A ratio (marker of the function of the left ventricle of the heart) was significantly lower in participants with MS compared to those without MS.

Conclusion: Left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in Africans with MS is strongly associated with RAAS and IR.

Keywords: Metabolic Syndrome; Insulin Resistance; Left Ventricular Hypertrophy; Diastolic Dysfunction; Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)

References

1. Fahed G., et al. “Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management in 2021”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences2 (2021): 786-865.
2. Atawia RT., et al. “Mechanisms of obesity- induced metabolic and vascular dysfunctions”. Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark edition)5 (2019): 890-934.
3. Shereef A and Kandeel “The relation between insulin resistance and left ventricular mass in hypertensive nondiabetic patients”. Journal of Indian College of Cardiology 9 (2019): 100-104.
4. Touyz , et al. “Molecular mechanisms underlying vascular disease in diabetes”. In Blood Pressure Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus. Eds. A. Berbari and G. Mancia. Springer Nature 3.2 (2023): 105-122.
5. Alkholy , et al. “Assessment of left ventricular mass index could predict metabolic syndrome in obese children”. Journal of the Saudi Heart Association 28.3 (2016): 159-166.
6. Ceravolo R., et al. “Relation of fasting insulin related to insertion/deletion polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme-gene and cardiac mass in never-treated patients with systemic hypertension”. American Journal of Cardiology 92 (2003): 1234-1237.
7. Shereef A and Kandeel “The relation between insulin resistance and left ventricular mass in hypertensive nondiabetic patients”. Journal of Indian College of Cardiology 9 (2019): 100- 104.
8. Gayoso-Diz P., et al. “Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) cut-off values and the metabolic syndrome in a general adult population: effect of gender and age: EPIRCE cross-sectional study”. BMC Endocrine Disorders 13 (2013): 47.
9. Gaudron P., et al. “Progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling after myocardial Potential mechanisms and early predictors”. Circulation 87.3 (1993): 755-763.
10. Tsai JP., et al. “Association of serum leptin levels with central arterial stiffness in coronary artery disease patients”. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 16 (2016): 1-7.
11. Maseko , et al. “Obesity masks the relationship between dietary salt intake and blood pressure in people of African ancestry: the impact of obesity on the relationship between sodium and blood pressure”. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 29.3 (2018): 172-176.
12. Nunez E., et al. “Optimal threshold value for left ventricular hypertrophy in Blacks. The atherosclerosis risk in community’s study”. Hypertension 45.1 (2005): 58-63.
13. Lang RM., et al. “Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American society of echocardiography and the European association of cardiovascular imaging”. Journal of American Society of Echocardiograph 28 (2015): 1-39.
14. Gaillard “The Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in African-American Women: Emerging Trends and Implications”. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne) 22.8 (2017): 383.
15. Skudicky D., et al. “Relationship between treatment induced changes in left ventricular mass and blood pressure in black African hypertensive patients. Results of the Baragwanath trial”. Circulation 105 (2002): 830-836.
16. Gupta RK., et al. “Echocardiographic Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Patients Presenting with Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction”. Journal of the Indian Academy of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging 6 (2022): 108-115.
17. Rashid MA., et al. “Impact of body mass index on left ventricular mass”. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad 26 (2014): 167-169.
18. Prescott G., et al. “Contribution of circulating renin to local synthesis of angiotensin peptides in the heart”. Physiology Genomics 4 (2000): 67-73.
19. Muñoz-Durango N., et al. “Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system beyond blood pressure regulation: Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in end-organ damage during arterial hypertension”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 95 (2016): 67-74.
20. Williams SF., et al. “African Americans, hypertension and the renin angiotensin system”. World Journal of Cardiology9 (2017): 878-889.
21. Rochlani Y., et al. “Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds”. Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease8 (2017): 215-225.
22. Sagnella GA. “Why is plasma renin activity lower in populations of African origin?” Journal of Human Hypertension 1 (2001): 17-25.
23. Norman G., et al. “Associations between circulating resistin concentrations and left ventricular mass are not accounted for by effects on aortic stiffness or renal dysfunction”. BMC Cardiovascular Disorder 20 (2020): 35.
24. Fang Y., et al. “The Relationship between Perirenal Fat Thickness and Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes”. Journal of Diabetes Research (2020).
25. Cuspidi C., et al. “Left atrial stiffness: a novel marker of hypertension- mediated organ damage on the horizon?” Hypertension Research (2020).
26. Karakan S and Inan “The relationship between left ventricular mass index and body composition in new-diagnosed hypertensive patients”. Clinical Hypertension 21 (2015): 23.
27. Libhaber CD., et al. “Contribution of central and general adiposity to abnormal left ventricular diastolic function in a community sample with a high prevalence of obesity”. American Journal of Cardiology11 (2019): 1527-1533.
28. Burroughs-Peña M., et al. “Cardiac structure and function with and without metabolic syndrome: the Echocardiographic Study of Latinos (Echo-SOL)”. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care1 (2018): e000484.
29. De Simone G., et al. “Metabolic syndrome and left ventricular hypertrophy in the prediction of cardiovascular events: the Strong Heart Study”. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular R Diseases NMCD 2 (2019): 98-104.

Citation

Citation: Omotayo Alaba Eluwole., et al. “Left Ventricular Geometrical Changes Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in People with African Ancestry". Acta Scientific Cardiovascular System 2.4 (2023): 10-17.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2023 Omotayo Alaba Eluwole., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.