Laxmi Khanna¹*, Chandrashekar Agrawal², Mandaville Gourie-Devi³ and Ankkita Sharma Bhandari⁴

¹Consultant Neurologist and Neurophysiologist, Department of Neurophysiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
²Chairman and Senior Consultant Neurologist, Department of Neurology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
³Chairperson, Department of Neurophysiology and Retired Consultant Neurologist, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
⁴Associate Consultant, Department of Neurophysiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India

*Corresponding Author: Laxmi Khanna, Consultant Neurologist and Neurophysiologist, Department of Neurophysiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Received: July 07, 2021; Published: July 18, 2021

Citation: Laxmi Khanna., et al. “Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Challenge for the Neurologist". Acta Scientific Clinical Case Reports 2.8 (2021): 57-60.

Abstract

&nbp; Autoimmune neurological disorders are diagnosed by antibody testing in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. However, autoimmune encephalitis and refractory autoimmune epilepsies maybe seronegative in 50% cases despite the use of the currently available serological tests. The Antibody Prevalence in Epilepsy and Encephalopathy Score [APE2] and Response to immunotherapy in epilepsy and encephalopathy scores [RITE2] enhance the value of early case detection and prevent residual neurological damage in patients with recent cognitive decline or refractory epilepsy. We incorporated these scales to improve efficacy in diagnosing autoimmune-mediated neurological diseases in clinical practice. These parameters hasten the diagnosis of autoimmune spectrum of diseases when used on patients attending busy neurology clinics. The scales enable prognostication and assessment of neurological sequel when applied at follow-up. The improvement of symptoms in the autoimmune spectrum of neurological diseases can be attributed to early case detection and institution of appropriate therapy.

Keywords: Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis; Progressive Supranuclear Palsy; Anti-IgLON5 Disease

Bibliography

1. Graus F., et al. “Syndrome and outcome of antibody-negative limbic encephalitis”. European Journal of Neurology8 (2018): 1011-1016.
2. Pradhan S., et al. “Antibody negative autoimmune encephalitis - does it differ from definite one?” Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology4 (2019): 401-408.
3. Von Rhein B., et al. “Suspected antibody negative autoimmune limbic encephalitis: outcome of immunotherapy”. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica1 (2017): 134-141.
4. Dubey D., et al. “Neurological Autoantibody Prevalence in Epilepsy of Unknown Etiology”. JAMA Neurology4 (2017): 397-402.
5. Dubey D., et al. “Predictors of neural specific autoantibodies and immunotherapy response in patients with cognitive dysfunction”. Journal of Neuroimmunology 323 (2018): 62-72.
6. Graus F., et al. “A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis”. The Lancet Neurology4 (2016): 391-404.
7. Chandra SR., et al. “A clinical TRIAD for early suspicion of autoimmune encephalitis as a possibility in patients presenting with progressive cognitive decline”. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 41 (2019): 5-12.
8. Sahoo B., et al. “Dilemmas and challenges in treating seronegative autoimmune encephalitis in Indian children”. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 22 (2018): 875-878.
9. Netravathi M. “Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis - A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dilemma”. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology4 (2019): 369-370.

Copyright: © 2021 Laxmi Khanna., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.