The most frequent malignant primary intracranial tumors of the central nervous system are brain tumors. Frequently, they are discovered too late for effective treatment. For CNS malignancies, less invasive techniques are required for diagnostic and therapy response monitoring. Brain tumors cause the blood to contain molecular information. The use of liquid biopsies in place of tumor tissue is becoming more and more popular. These biopsies gather and examine tumor components found in bodily fluids. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles, proteins, and nucleic acids can all aggregate in blood or cerebrospinal fluid and serve as biomarkers for tumors. Patients with glioblastoma have also had circulating tumor cells found in their blood in recent years. The authors of this literature review emphasize the importance, control, and frequency of molecular biomarkers including isocitrate dehydrogenase, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, and epidermal growth factor receptor. On the other hand, during the last ten years, there has been a significant advancement in our knowledge of the early molecular processes in malignant primary brain tumors, and oncologists are now looking for novel Both the diagnosis and follow-up procedures make use of novel techniques for neuroradiological evaluation as well as medicines that specifically target these molecular events. This study focuses on the diagnosis and biomarkers of the most prevalent brain tumors.

Keywords: Biomarkers; Brain Tumor; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase

References

1. McGarity TO and WE Wagner. “Bending science: How special interests corrupt public health research”. 2010: Harvard University Press (2010).
2. Bielecka J and R Markiewicz-Żukowska. “The influence of nutritional and lifestyle factors on glioma incidence”. Nutrients6 (2020): 1812.
3. , et al. “An insight to brain targeting utilizing polymeric nanoparticles: effective treatment modalities for neurological disorders and brain tumor”. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 10 (2022): 788128.
4. Yi Z., et al. “Current advances and challenges in radiomics of brain tumors”. Frontiers in Oncology 11 (2021): 732196.
5. Nobusawa S., et al. “Secondary INI1-deficient rhabdoid tumors of the central nervous system: analysis of four cases and literature review”. Virchows Archiv 476 (2020): 763-772.
6. Calandrelli R., et al. “Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor: Proposal of a diagnostic pathway based on clinical features and neuroimaging findings”. Diagnostics 3 (2023): 475.
7. Paassen I., et al. “Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumoroids reveal subgroup-specific drug vulnerabilities”. Oncogene20 (2023): 1661-1671.
8. Ramaswamy V and C Nör. Genetic Basis and classification of cerebral neoplasms, in Textbook of Pediatric Neurosurgery (2020): 1775-1791.
9. Gao F., et al. “Role of circulating tumor cell detection in differentiating tumor recurrence from treatment necrosis of brain gliomas”. BioScience Trends 2 (2021): 107-117.
10. Sahm F., et al. “Molecular diagnostic tools for the World Health Organization (WHO) 2021 classification of gliomas, glioneuronal and neuronal tumors; an EANO guideline”. Neurooncology 10 (2023): 1731-1749.
11. Chen YX., et al. “O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase is upregulated in malignant transformation of gastric epithelial cells via its gene promoter DNA hypomethylation”. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 3 (2022): 664.
12. Xu Y., et al. “CIMP-positive glioma is associated with better prognosis: A systematic analysis”. Medicine 39 (2022): e30635.
13. Tesileanu CMS., et al. “Molecular markers related to patient outcome in patients with IDHmutant astrocytomas grade 2 to 4: A systematic review”. European Journal of Cancer 175 (2022): 214-223.
14. Senhaji N., et al. “Molecular and circulating biomarkers in patients with glioblastoma”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences13 (2022): 7474.
15. Bai P., et al. “Modulating MGMT expression through interfering with cell signaling pathways”. Biochemical Pharmacology (2023): 115726.
16. Jelski W and B Mroczko. “Molecular and circulating biomarkers of brain tumors”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences13 (2022): 7039.
17. Chai R., et al. “Predictive value of MGMT promoter methylation on the survival of TMZ treated IDH-mutant glioblastoma”. Cancer Biology & Medicine1 (2021): 271.
18. Rodriguez SMB., et al. “An overview of EGFR mechanisms and their implications in targeted therapies for glioblastoma”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences13 (2023): 11110.
19. London M and E Gallo. “Epidermal growth factor receptor .EGFR) involvement in epithelial‐derived cancers and its current antibody‐based immunotherapies”. Cell Biology International6 (2020): 1267-1282.
20. Struve N., et al. “EGFRvIII upregulates DNA mismatch repair resulting in increased temozolomide sensitivity of MGMT promoter methylated glioblastoma”. Oncogene15 (2020): 3041-3055.
21. Pirozzi CJ and H Yan. “The implications of IDH mutations for cancer development and therapy”. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology10 (2021): 645-661.
22. van Asperen JV., et al. “Investigation of glial fibrillary acidic protein .GFAP) in body fluids as a potential biomarker for glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Biomarkers1 (2022): 1-12.
23. Powter B., et al. “Human TERT promoter mutations as a prognostic biomarker in glioma”. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 147 (2021): 1007-1017.
24. Smukowski Heil C. “Loss of heterozygosity and its importance in evolution”. Journal of Molecular Evolution3 (2023): 369-377.
25. Erira A., et al. “Differential regulation of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway between low-and high-grade gliomas”. Brain Sciences12 (2021): 1655.
26. Sareen H. “Molecular biomarkers in Glioblastoma”. 2023, UNSW Sydney (2023).
27. Alvarado-Ortiz E., et al. “Mutant p53 gain-of-function: role in cancer development, progression, and therapeutic approaches”. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 8 (2021): 607670.
28. Aersilan A., et al. “MicroRNA-874 targets phosphomevalonate kinase and inhibits cancer cell growth via the mevalonate pathway”. Scientific Reports1 (2022): 18443.
29. Persico P., et al. “Checkpoint inhibitors as high-grade gliomas treatment: State of the art and future perspectives”. Journal of clinical medicine7 (2021): 1367.
30. Fakhoury KR., et al. “Immunotherapy and radiation for high-grade glioma: a narrative review”. Translational Cancer Research5 (2021): 2537.
31. Raza A., et al. “Comparative analysis of the gnai family genes in glioblastoma through transcriptomics and single-cell technologies”. Cancers20 (2023): 5112.

Citation

Citation: Muhammad Waqar Mazhar. “Novel Biomarkers in Brain Tumor Diagnosis”.Acta Scientific Cancer Biology 8.8 (2024): 34-39.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2024 Muhammad Waqar Mazhar. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.